Using a newly developed database of iron and steel plants worldwide, we identify the most cost-effective regional priorities for decarbonization. Our database will be regularly updated and improved to support future plant-by-plant strategic mitigation planning for global net-zero steelmaking.

We model reductions in food loss and waste to show that there could be substantial rebound effects--price decreases and consumption increases—-that would offset some of the benefits of avoided loss and waste.

Using carbon monoxide retrievals and an atmospheric inversion model, we show that CO₂ emissions from boreal wildfires in 2021 shattered records: 1.8 GtCO₂. If such high levels of fire emissions become normal, stabilizing climate will be even more difficult than we expected.

We assess nine possible pathways to achieve net-zero emissions from aviation, including changes and trade-offs in demand, energy efficiency, propulsion systems, and alternative fuels for both passenger and freight transport, as well as atmospheric carbon removal to offset non-CO₂ radiative forcing.

We estimate how many tons of steel, copper, silver, rare earth metals, and other materials will be needed to build power generation facilities across a wide range of scenarios. Although wind and solar energy require lots of such materials and current production will need to increase, availability of metals and materials will not constrain the projected expansion.

Global modeling shows that potential climate benefits of farming seaweed are large but sensitive to uncertain yields and competition with phytoplankton. We also find that carbon removal by sinking seaweed is much costlier than avoiding emissions by substituting seaweed for land-based crops.