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Land
Surface |
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Sea Ice |
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Land
Ice |
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greenhouse
gas emissions |
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è affects
global energy and biogeochemical cycles |
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creation
of aerosols |
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è affects
global energy and water cycles |
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surface
reflectivity (albedo) |
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è affects
global energy cycle |
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impacts
on surface hydrology |
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è affect
global water cycle |
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One
major climate effect of sea ice is to seal off the underlying ocean from
interaction with the atmosphere. |
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Without
an sea ice cover, high-latitude oceans transfers large amount of heat to
the atmosphere, especially in winter. |
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With an
sea ice cover, the heat flux into the atmosphere is stopped. In addition,
the ice surface absorbs little incoming solar radiation. Winter air
temperature can cool 30°C or more near a sea-ice cover. |
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The “Antarctic Dipole” (ADP) is characterized by
an out-of-phase relationship
between the ice and temperature anomalies in the central/eastern Pacific
and Atlantic sectors of the Antarctic. |
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The atmosphere can only hold small fraction of
the mass of water vapor that has been injected into it during volcanic
eruption, most of the water vapor was condensed into clouds and rains and
gave rise to rivers, lakes, and oceans. |
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è The concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere was
substantially reduced. |
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The Antarctic Ice Sheet holds the equivalent in
seawater of 66 meters of global sea level. |
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The Greenland Ice Sheet holds the equivalent of
6 meters of global seawater. |
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Ice cores retrieve climate records extending
back thousands of years in small mountain glaciers to as much as hundreds
of thousands of years in continental sized ice sheets. |
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The antarctic ice sheet has layers that extend
back over 400,000 years. |
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The Greenland ice sheet has layers that extended
back 100,000 years. |
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The Antarctic Ice Sheet holds the equivalent in
seawater of 66 meters of global sea level. |
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The Greenland Ice Sheet holds the equivalent of
6 meters of global seawater. |
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This hypothesis argues that millennial
oscillations were produced by the internal interactions among various
components of the climate system. |
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One most likely internal interaction is the one
associated with the deep-water formation in the North Atlantic. |
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Millennial oscillations can be produced from
changes in northward flow of warm, salty surface water along the conveyor
belt. |
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Stronger conveyor flow releases heat that melts
ice and lowers the salinity of the North Atlantic, eventually slowing or
stopping the formation of deep water. |
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Weaker flow then causes salinity to rise,
completing the cycle. |
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The Antarctic Ice Sheet holds the equivalent in
seawater of 66 meters of global sea level. |
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The Greenland Ice Sheet holds the equivalent of
6 meters of global seawater. |
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Notes