Jin-Yi Yu: Oh, did I accidentally terminate this meeting. A few minutes ago.
Jin-Yi Yu: Or a big party just join the media now.
Melisa Perut: I joined the meeting a minute ago.
Jin-Yi Yu: And
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, so I thought I probably accidentally terminate.
Jin-Yi Yu: Meet him a few minutes ago. It was not the case right manager.
Melisa Perut: I mean, I use the same link to join the course so I don't
Melisa Perut: Think it terminated.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, good. Thank you.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, let's start the lecture. So I'm going to look finish that discussion on the ocean, security and then we're going to move on to our class for you quickly and then begin to describe the major, major commie bear ability in our system.
Jin-Yi Yu: Less common system. So let me share the screen first
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay. And so, last night I was talking to conclude a discussion of the upper ocean circulation by using the physical point of view, to describe the
Jin-Yi Yu: Why we should have brought and slow eastern boundary current moving from NARS Porter to equator and why we should have very narrow as strong western country Curran movil fun equator to pull based on the
Jin-Yi Yu: Conservation of potential what he said he so society square last time. The key is when we have eastern boundary current very broad. And so he produced a very producer small lateral friction
Jin-Yi Yu: Which you will
Jin-Yi Yu: Try to reduce
Jin-Yi Yu: The
Jin-Yi Yu: Generation of positive body city in order to allow the sub taco Jaya. The negative publicity to the patterns by these
Jin-Yi Yu: Can have what is it due to the moving from north to south, and we need to show that this tiny, small
Jin-Yi Yu: So our subtropical Jaya a negative connotation a clockwise is negative publicity in order for this medical term to parents parish tube positive turbo we make sure the system is smart.
Jin-Yi Yu: And the homework or to the east western boundary Curran and similarly the subtropical Jaya is an activity city and then it, it needs to. It can help fund the
Jin-Yi Yu: The more primitive. What is it, because water is moving from Laura to to harder to any it quintiles
Jin-Yi Yu: You need to reduce the body city and last to negative term has the batter's participation or turn so he's a frequent data has to be very, very strong.
Jin-Yi Yu: In order to be able to balance these two turn, how can we make creation of a strong. That means we need to put a very, very strong for all
Jin-Yi Yu: Very, very close to the land. So this friction can be this strong for all can be reduced to zero. But it's a very strong phishing attacks. So that's a key idea and
Jin-Yi Yu: If you do not understand what I'm talking about here, you can forget about it. But for those students who are going to walk on physical camera, you should try to
Jin-Yi Yu: Make sure you understand the argument here because right now. I didn't talk anything about the potential. What is the p which is relative. What is that the past
Jin-Yi Yu: The pregnancy. What is it, for example, if you have an alteration water here and when he moved to hire at you, then, is this one effort to has a larger
Jin-Yi Yu: Rotation, because it is automated.
Jin-Yi Yu: It has a higher Coriolis force and when it is not clear anymore. Cross the quit F1. This is smarter. So when is what is that the one here. Pass f1
Jin-Yi Yu: When immortal hierarchy to become have a began to have a bottle to pass the hottest at the end is location after these two things will still remain.
Jin-Yi Yu: Comes up. So what is 31 press F1 equal to 4030 to prosper have to. Okay. And if you
Jin-Yi Yu: Do not know what is reality publicity or is the planetary body city preschool Google and find out is that if you really couldn't understand this view, you can forget about this whole argument.
Jin-Yi Yu: So now let's move on to
Jin-Yi Yu: The other part of the fishing surface ocean current. So, here, pretty much. We already described our global surface current system. So everything divided into two parts. Right.
Jin-Yi Yu: We have
Jin-Yi Yu: A sub Paula Jaya which going
Jin-Yi Yu: Counterclockwise its way
Jin-Yi Yu: In the North Pacific. We have some chocolate Jaya in the North Atlantic going
Jin-Yi Yu: Counterclockwise and then we have a sub tropical Jaya going clockwise here in the North Pacific clockwise in the North Atlantic and in the Northern Hemisphere.
Jin-Yi Yu: In the southern hemisphere. Yeah, three subtype, which are going counterclockwise here 123. See, that's pretty much explained that we have this circumpolar
Jin-Yi Yu: Security going from west to east. So that pretty much expression or a service current system, we observed. So, this
Jin-Yi Yu: This map show you the real surface current system, we observed in our group ocean and we can simplify all these complicated
Jin-Yi Yu: Number one. Number two, everything to number 29 into these tools apologia
Jin-Yi Yu: To subtropical in the northern hemisphere three sub chocolatier in the southern hemisphere process while circumpolar giant except that near a tropical equatorial region we have something we still didn't explain. So that's why, at the end of this
Jin-Yi Yu: Part of the lecture, I want to talk about one more current system that we didn't express is not related to subtropical Jaya.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is somewhere in this equatorial region. Okay. So inside each sub sub which are we have for current system right one Western driven current one travel and driven current news is called North Equatorial Current and this is called Eastern pantry current
Jin-Yi Yu: And on this side we have a western country again Eastern pantry current Western pantry current most equatorial Cohen showing current and in in the southern hemisphere. We are South Equatorial Current Eastern pantry current and then this
Jin-Yi Yu: Was the treatment current and they have this Western from the current assembling corner and now in this
Jin-Yi Yu: And and we are going to see, we want to show that F equator here.
Jin-Yi Yu: We need to additionally mention tool current system. Okay, here. Your equator. So here is equator. This is from surface to one kilometer underneath the surface. He has equator.
Jin-Yi Yu: And here's 10 degree not 10 degrees south. See here at 10 degree nos. We found a service to maybe several hundred meter. And then he said service is not equatorial because we are having
Jin-Yi Yu: North Pacific Gyre deputies.
Jin-Yi Yu: So he is not Equatorial Current this one.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then in the South Pacific. For example, we have another this
Jin-Yi Yu: Kind of clock icon here and then this trend driven. This one is called South Equatorial Current. That's what we're seeing here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Let me erase this
Jin-Yi Yu: See, so here
Jin-Yi Yu: This
Jin-Yi Yu: This one is called. This one is Canarsie equatorial curve and we are sounds equatorial the post going from east to west, east to us and that's on this cross session, you can see is this one knows Equatorial Current somewhere around 10 the queen last year.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then we have South Equatorial Current
Jin-Yi Yu: Is related to this one Cotto referring to
Jin-Yi Yu: His current year.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, so they're both going from east to west. Then we noticed that there are two current going the other way around. And one is this one.
Ada Acobta: Here.
Jin-Yi Yu: We see there is a water going from west to east somewhere here. So let me put another car.
Jin-Yi Yu: Let me choose this car so
Jin-Yi Yu: Here somewhere here, there is water going from West
Jin-Yi Yu: To East that's counter against this giant that the restaurant was Jay and this is called
Jin-Yi Yu: Yeah, this one.
Jin-Yi Yu: Let me erase this
Jin-Yi Yu: This water is called nos equatorial counter current because it directions against these giant direction near the equator, instead of calling from east west you calling from west to east
Jin-Yi Yu: And then the other author that is also calling from west to east is underneath the surface at about 200 meter. So it is
Jin-Yi Yu: Not equatorial contractor because it show up in a north of the equator most in the Northern Hemisphere. That's how we call nos equatorial conductor.
Jin-Yi Yu: Then about 200 meter underneath the equator right and equipment we have another water going from west to east. This one is called equatorial counter current. Okay.
Jin-Yi Yu: It took equatorial undercurrent. I'm sorry. So here, let's talk about this one. So water in the equator supposed to call in from east to west, but there is a very, very narrow open water going from west to east nearly whether
Jin-Yi Yu: This call is called equatorial conductor which flow power East is a partial water carry West what by the nos Equatorial Current in South Dakota occur.
Jin-Yi Yu: So this is the current usual recognize. Now, where is this current see here this one. Look here. Equatorial Current Hanukkah. Number two, and this map.
Jin-Yi Yu: Number two is called equatorial can occur. And where is the number two year in see number two.
Jin-Yi Yu: Yeah.
Jin-Yi Yu: Water is going from West or east wire around to the north and south china sea water is calling from east to west. Number one, that's called North America unto itself.
Jin-Yi Yu: In these sorts of Southern Hemisphere. Number three is as cost South Equatorial Current Otter also going east to us. So in between this tool water going from east to west South Equatorial Current east, west, north America and Israel return Pro is called
Jin-Yi Yu: Equal power loss Equatorial Current it with our current you see to showing up in the Pacific to showing up in the North Atlantic and tool showing up here in the Indian Ocean. Okay, so
Jin-Yi Yu: All these equatorial conductor is showing up in all three ocean system. Right. So all the water ignores equatorial going here. Part of water return knows equatorial curry sauce equatorial.
Jin-Yi Yu: pot of water return. How to water return. Okay, that's the one of the tool water surface ocean currently on the equator recording from west to east. Now, next. The other water going from west to east of course is the war.
Jin-Yi Yu: Current is equatorial undercurrent so equatorial undercurrent is the most prominent of all east or fro right
Jin-Yi Yu: Is called equatorial and occurred. Another East is or four is not equatorial conductor is called N ECC. So very often, he will read the scientific paper you're heard about this term.
Jin-Yi Yu: Called not
Jin-Yi Yu: An ACC. And last, the water current going
Jin-Yi Yu: From
Jin-Yi Yu: West to East and today I'm on here surface, then the other one of the coin from west to east is equatorial and Aquarius. We can see here
Jin-Yi Yu: They showing up exactly at the equator region do and they are center of this is to our current is somewhere around
Jin-Yi Yu: 102 hundred meter depends on who should occasion. So we look at equatorial region from
Jin-Yi Yu: West to East this undercurrent may become shadow and shadow when you move Israel. So here we see the current core is fun at about 200 deaths in the West, and when you move Benoit equator power is he may rise to about 40 meter or less in the east, and it has a
Jin-Yi Yu: Current speed on 1.5 meter per second that's very fast internal ocean currents
Jin-Yi Yu: And as the, the other current system. I want to mention here because they are not included in our subtropical job current system. So now let's press on, say, a body surface ocean current. Now let's begin to move on to the deep ocean circulation.
Jin-Yi Yu: And where is the deep ocean security, the ocean security is this one we show here. So here we have equator here equatorial region and we are polar region here and near the surface we have. So this is ocean we can from here.
Jin-Yi Yu: The equal to zero all the way to the bottom. Maybe easy for for kilometer. So we can see that near the equatorial region.
Jin-Yi Yu: Neither polar region. We have water very heavy in sync all the way to the bottom of the ocean floor. And these orders move from polar region may rise somewhere at equatorial and this is our
Jin-Yi Yu: Summer hand I circulation going very slowly from all the way from the surface to the pattern or
Jin-Yi Yu: Ocean when we talk about surface ocean current that with disquiet relate to receive actual transport transport, they are in the upper maybe a few
Jin-Yi Yu: Hundred meters only okay service current somewhere around some are crying a little bit below this pack. But this summer had deep ocean waters occasion is boiling
Jin-Yi Yu: Water can sync from service, all the way to the pattern. So that means we when we talk about deep ocean circulation, we are talking about the movement of water going from surface to bury stacks of the ocean. And so before we talk about that we need to
Jin-Yi Yu: All these ocean current is driven by density, rather than by when that is that's for the wintry one is for surface apportion
Jin-Yi Yu: Saturation is driven by when. But the deep ocean security driven by density and density as we described before, is controlled by tossing temperature and salinity of the water. Okay. So since one is going to sing faster ways to berries that so we are going to introduce
Jin-Yi Yu: A concept.
Jin-Yi Yu: unlimited data when we talk about these submariner circulation first water is going to sing from the surface pattern and drop to begin to
Jin-Yi Yu: Drive. These assemble hand I or the ocean security because this deep ocean saturation is driven by density and density is related to temperature and salinity and temperature.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is called thermal in sanity is quite a nice so these deep ocean circulation driven by density related temperatures and at his costs more here nine circulation.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, and then the water sink to begin this has deep ocean circulation this sinking margin happened in two particular region popular was, of course, one is near the north pole.
Jin-Yi Yu: Be otherwise near the South Pole, because those are the total region we have very, very cold air passing through the ocean surface.
Jin-Yi Yu: To freeze the ocean surface ocean water or also laws are the total region, we can form a cis and when we form see is we're going to take fresh water out of ocean and the the salt in the ocean increases senility. Either we
Jin-Yi Yu: Have a passing through surface ocean to evaporate to take he out the ocean to make what ocean water co
Jin-Yi Yu: Op we form. See, is to take fresh water out ocean. So either you take the heat outdoors you or you take the the fresh water out of the ocean.
Jin-Yi Yu: One will change the temperature, the other we're changing the salinity and together they can change the density and became the driving the motion.
Jin-Yi Yu: And there are two parts of the world. I can start is single emotion. One is Neil is called an Arctic
Jin-Yi Yu: In the Antarctic and this author is very, very cold and high it is a call because it is the region, we have around
Jin-Yi Yu: See is forming Quincy is form it takes the fresh water awake and the bar saw here. So make water very heavy when water Hemi sync all the way to the pattern. So we form.
Jin-Yi Yu: These and topic bottom water. So, you know, we are going to mention this data. But you notice that in this terminology and party, of course, is uppercase for here bottom water. We use capital P capital P at or tablet. So when the water say bottom water. For example,
Jin-Yi Yu: This is different from the case part of water. When we say bottom water no case no means
Jin-Yi Yu: The water need a pattern of some location that's called, for example, that says a
Jin-Yi Yu: And Arctic
Jin-Yi Yu: Or just make it more dramatic California bottled water just water near the bottom of the sea floor outside California, but when we say Carly for Nia
Jin-Yi Yu: advocates are term and and capital W water. That means the water a sink from surface to the bottom in California and this water California bottled water can move
Jin-Yi Yu: To different parts of war and we when we see these water and we identify this water near the bottom is coming from California with coin CALIFORNIA CAPITAL
Jin-Yi Yu: Capital water that police capital means does origin. But when we see the water was ample somewhere here in the USA in Africa. And then there's water near the bottom of the ocean floor.
Jin-Yi Yu: Near the Iranian outside Africa. And then if we use a lowercase. That means the water near the pattern of location that's different meaning.
Jin-Yi Yu: So here we are, and how to your form the water sing all the way to the pathological and tattoo parlor mother at least kept apart from the chapter water tapping is going to move to a different part or
Jin-Yi Yu: It will remain hands up his temperature comes up is an entity. So when the moo, moo, moo, moo was ever move somewhere to outside California and then integrate the power of the
Jin-Yi Yu: Ocean outside California will find out the water temperature is an entity is almost the same as the water
Jin-Yi Yu: Into the pattern near Antarctic. So we know that water outside our California is coming is coming from this region, and we call
Jin-Yi Yu: That water we discovered outside California, the entity bottom mother. Okay, I'll come to that later. So anyway, these antibiotics single emotion is the first source of water became the drive the sink emotional somehow circulation and this is due to see ice formation.
Jin-Yi Yu: The reason why people can be so heavy that. So, what is it called talent is because of C is for me by increasing the severity
Jin-Yi Yu: And the second praise to begin to force the water to boil down is right outside right nearly North Atlantic and his water was so heavy sync, but he didn't.
Jin-Yi Yu: Sink to all the way to the bottom is sink water go down to the ocean right above the sea floor. So that's why we call deep water again this is a capital T.
Jin-Yi Yu: capital W. So this is water originated sync from NASA North Atlantic to
Jin-Yi Yu: The two attempts right above the sea floor and they can move to different parts of war is still remain.
Jin-Yi Yu: Conserve is temperatures immunity. So we still can know that even with Discovery's water, for example, outside for example as Australia.
Jin-Yi Yu: Or near Tahiti and integrate the deeper part of ocean and we find out the water near a deeper partnership outside. He has a temperature senility very
Jin-Yi Yu: Similar to this Atlantic water. We can sing, then we call the water outside fatality. He is North Atlantic chapter the chapter top you what people are
Jin-Yi Yu: So low score region are the region of the water we can to have water sinking to travel the summer sufficient in here. The Atlantic deep water. The water is a form due to the cooling
Jin-Yi Yu: Of water because we have very, very cold air moving from North America and this call and try moving
Jin-Yi Yu: From house out of the North America continent to the North Atlantic Ocean and this call and dry air began to increase evaporation. He transfer out of North Atlantic make the North Atlantic temperature to dry.
Jin-Yi Yu: And thirsty increase. That's why I sink is different from the unpacking bottom are these wise people see as formation to
Jin-Yi Yu: Increase this immunity. Okay. Those are cool region, we have the water formation and we're least the father formation happen we can begin to try this.
Jin-Yi Yu: Summer Hannah circulation and the quarter here. So that's why someone has a circulation, all these so called summer Hannah's can be a bell this deep water.
Jin-Yi Yu: Deep Ocean situation.
Jin-Yi Yu: Was we go to see from here, it became the sink to the bottom ocean near North Atlantic
Jin-Yi Yu: See, the water, the blue and his father Cohen, time to go to the sea floor right path of and then this one a sink.
Jin-Yi Yu: See this, this whole thing is called the summer has a creation, the orange means near the surface. The Pokhara mean the career is going. Moving on the sea floor. So you can see that this
Jin-Yi Yu: Summer had a second, it became the going down from surface. Could a deep ocean, beginning from North Atlantic and then after what a sink to the
Jin-Yi Yu: sea floor above sea floor in the north, and I think is going to move south or sounds or sounds or an cross the equator. Enter South Atlantic
Jin-Yi Yu: The, the pattern here as well. Here we are seeing here because any cross equator. Enter the sauce of empty and then when he reached outside, outside is
Jin-Yi Yu: Impacting region.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is going to
Jin-Yi Yu: Be joined this blue water coming from North Atlantic is going to be joined by Ann topic bottom water. Most the one we mentioned here.
Jin-Yi Yu: The second source of this sinking water here Antarctic bottled water so he is going to be joined by water sinking from surface of outside and tactic to the bottom of the sea for us to be joined here and then this pattern water continue to move from Atlantic
Jin-Yi Yu: So South Atlantic across following the Southern Ocean side and ocean Sada Sada whose you need safe. And then there's
Jin-Yi Yu: Two branches come to the surface first branch or come to Indian Ocean and come to surface and become an orange Carter and return back
Jin-Yi Yu: To most likely and the airplane to continue crawling under safe Rocco to passing through the South.
Jin-Yi Yu: Australia and go to South Pacific, and then we can have our sauce person is going to moon also a Rama see for a cross equator. Enter a nos not I haven't hemisphere and the water is going to resurface
Jin-Yi Yu: To see the the sky in the North Pacific. Right. So these people ocean water, someone has a crazy come back to surface from to bridge one in Indian Ocean one in North
Jin-Yi Yu: Pacific and nice proceed. One is the one people tend to emphasize, so we will say the summer has opinion became the sinker pattern first in the North Atlantic and enjoying by the water central pattern from entity, a eventually resurface to the
Jin-Yi Yu: Service to the to the North Pacific. And now after you the surveys to the North Pacific this water need to return.
Jin-Yi Yu: Back to
Jin-Yi Yu: North Atlantic. That's why I want to emphasize again. So I see when the summer when I sell securities coming back to the surface and returned from North Pacific
Jin-Yi Yu: To North Atlantic. Let's see how you move. So here you first because now when you come to service, you have a join the
Jin-Yi Yu: This subtropical Chad knaus passivity. Subtract project here. These notes attendees, Georgia, and then there's Indian Ocean. Subtract watcher so when this service what someone has a circulation.
Jin-Yi Yu: When he returned in need to also join the service ocean. Correct. That's why he is he, he, because the water. The ocean water.
Jin-Yi Yu: Mortal nonspecific found a pattern and then resurface ordinary surface in order to return you need to pay attention to how surface current group back in and, especially, we know
Jin-Yi Yu: The surface water in a nonspecific is a nonspecific chair which you go clockwise clockwise clockwise and let me erase it again.
Jin-Yi Yu: And do it again here issue do like this.
Jin-Yi Yu: This outside California as you called it this way from north to south and then when you come to the equator is from east to west and then. So that's why you see that when is the water come up
Jin-Yi Yu: You need to join is California Current so this orange Connor has to return from North Pacific in order to return to North Atlantic, you need to first following this call from eastern Pacific and then is joined his nose equatorial color here.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then in the Indian Ocean. We have another subtropical Jaya, which is calling it because in the southern hemisphere. So you should issue go clockwise or counterclockwise, at least way.
Jin-Yi Yu: That's why when this water the surface part of his summer high return in either CODIS way.
Jin-Yi Yu: almost triple go counterclockwise. And then when he come to this South Atlantic sounds that he has a nut South Landis gyr year also go counterclockwise. This way.
Jin-Yi Yu: That's why you see that this orange color need to go this side. This orange kind of cannot come here because if you come to this side, the water is cold. In this way, there's no way to replay tend to not in order return or not is orange color nickel and the eastern side here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, and then when it comes to cross the equator. Enter the North Atlantic. We know North Atlantic Jaya is also going clockwise that way.
Jin-Yi Yu: Right, so this orange car in order to call knows what he needs to
Jin-Yi Yu: Go to the western side of the BTR okay so that's why I tried to explain why this orange car going when it comes to service instead of going this way. Why CODIS way because it needs to be consistent with the North Pacific time and then when the water was Imma come to these
Jin-Yi Yu: Notes that I have a quite an orange one cannot return the x ray. What can we call this way, we cannot because
Jin-Yi Yu: In the service part of North Atlantic. The, the only current I can go from north to south to north is a long this is western country current that's why
Jin-Yi Yu: This orange card Niko least we're following the colors tree right so that's why I tried to explain this summer has occasion when it comes to surface, you need to join this
Jin-Yi Yu: nos perceived nostalgia sauce procedure sausage manager and in the rocking chair that's why this orange color is going on the eastern side here instead of Western side.
Jin-Yi Yu: Or need we tend to not in the know something is going from Western side rather than from the eastern side. Okay, that's all I all I want to say about the
Jin-Yi Yu: These summer hand I situation or the quarter. So my hand I conveyor belt so usually I'll ask you to talk, I'll give you the piece of paper.
Jin-Yi Yu: And I thought, is North America, South America, Australia Africa NSA priests. So the summer has equation.
Jin-Yi Yu: Right, and then use implicated try to win water sinks to the bottom, you use the fight card and I say Parker will be killed the form and then
Jin-Yi Yu: Go rusalka to ourselves. And then we were passed so Africa and go to least Indian Ocean and Palo Alto return because the Indian Ocean part of water will cross Australia, go to more specific.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then he will resurface then I use the right color to indicate who in Otter return. Then I said, what a return on this side.
Jin-Yi Yu: House or California and then join us equatorial can occur and going from east, west, and then join the Indian ocean current the call. In this way, right, and come into here and come to come to South Atlantic where you come to South happy, you need to
Jin-Yi Yu: Go corn also on the eastern side rather see here rather than coming here because you need to be consistent results procedure.
Jin-Yi Yu: When it goes north Atlanta in order convenient go north or equal to the western side because only the Western family can can call national sorry sir
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, that's the way you asked me to talk maybe in a meeting or in a qualifying exam because I want you to be able to
Jin-Yi Yu: Combine your view of the summer has security and together with the self service option current every present by August Jaya subtropical jr system.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay. And this is how some Ohana situation. And so based on the way the water became the sink in the North Atlantic and then the surface at a nonspecific but tell us that if we define the age of ocean water.
Jin-Yi Yu: Based on when. So when we say the water. Last time I see the sunlight.
Jin-Yi Yu: And when it became go into the deeper powers your name without seeing the Sunday. Now, we can't his age. Right, so he one year old two years old, three years old, how
Jin-Yi Yu: How long he has been underneath the surface of the ocean and the water become older and older than the young this water is near North Atlantic
Jin-Yi Yu: Because just not long ago maybe 10 years ago, two years ago, knows water was on a surface sealer sunlight.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then when water coming to South ocean. The water become very near the ocean pattern is very, very odd because last night. You see the sunlight.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is maybe are already hungry or several hundred years ago when water finally come to passivity before you resurface the senior center again.
Jin-Yi Yu: Those water water at the bottom of our nose passivity is already 1000 years of work. So I think if you are joining the professor France or pre most group.
Jin-Yi Yu: His research. He allowed his relate to how to count the age of water because you know he water, you know, last time. When was the last kind of water. See the atmosphere. And that was the time
Jin-Yi Yu: That ocean exchange the carbon dioxide, all these customers have chemistry species with atmosphere. And when this air, water, gotten to the bottom ocean. It's still contain the
Jin-Yi Yu: Original concentration of the some chemistry species. And then if you're not oceans age you know if we'll be able to know the
Jin-Yi Yu: Marine chemistry issue, which I'm not very familiar with, but I noticed the area. Why support research could be not the primary care about the age of the water. So based on this concept we will say that the
Jin-Yi Yu: The Yankees water is in the North Atlantic because they will just be kindle going down.
Jin-Yi Yu: To the bottom old ocean. And then they not long ago, they still see the sunlight and it all. It all these water is the thief.
Jin-Yi Yu: nonspecific water because it's at somewhere around one salary. Yes. Oh, what does that mean that means why sorry years ago was at a time, not water in the Northern Pacific
Jin-Yi Yu: last seen the sunlight. Okay. And based on this concept. We know that a lot of air pollution that human produce all this atomic atomic bound cast, we did in the 1950 and 60 so we released a lot of these radio
Jin-Yi Yu: Seems in atmosphere and then they got absorbed by the ocean and they'll do a sink to the bottom ocean in the North Atlantic night because
Jin-Yi Yu: A lot of this in any way fantastic release this radio radiative scenes and he will go to the deep ocean in the North Atlantic
Jin-Yi Yu: After the test the contest in enacting 50 or 60 and all laws. Pollution. Pollution just right now.
Jin-Yi Yu: cross the equator in the North Atlantic, they have not reached the deep no specific yet. So the most polluted water. Now we can find is that the water in the North Pacific because all these human
Jin-Yi Yu: Pollution human produced in the night it since 19 8019 1800 and 1900 is still in the deeper part of the ocean and is still not is still on his way to cross.
Jin-Yi Yu: The equator from North Atlantic into the South Atlantic because take handrail is a year to move
Jin-Yi Yu: And they haven't reached to the deeper part of the North Pacific. Yeah, so the cleanest water we can find right now is the water near the
Jin-Yi Yu: Near the deeper part of North Pacific. That's what we say here, the most polluted water right now and then continue on this.
Jin-Yi Yu: So why we care about. So my hair security and this is important saturation is important part of our camera system that's going to determine how severe our future global warming is going to be
Jin-Yi Yu: Because ocean. Yes, please.
Kyle Manley: Because that's a good question.
Jin-Yi Yu: Yes, please.
Kyle Manley: Um, how long does it take for the water to reach or for the water that's going in the Indian Ocean. How old is that water.
Jin-Yi Yu: Now, one is probably actually I'm not very sure about that.
Jin-Yi Yu: But friends who are probably can answer that question, but my guess is the water even coming from here if you resurface the Indian Ocean. This
Jin-Yi Yu: Past. This chapter is shorter than the one Coto de nos passivity. Right. And he was moving on the sea for his bravery. So, so I think this one is relatively
Jin-Yi Yu: Not as all then the Deepwater me nonspecific because as you can see, take much longer time to reach the pattern of the nonspecific so as in this one. How, how is that one.
Jin-Yi Yu: Actually, I don't know. I will say if the water come into nonspecific take about one solid year or
Jin-Yi Yu: Under then this one go to known for the Indian Ocean. Maybe take several hundred our peers on this, but I'm not, I'm not expert in this area, but I will say something around several hundred three years.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, this is how are you trying to ask
Kyle Manley: Yeah, thank you.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, yeah, I don't know the exact number by our
Jin-Yi Yu: Guest somebody I'm older.
Jin-Yi Yu: But I could be wrong because I'm not
Jin-Yi Yu: Familiar with the deep ocean security. Okay, so now let's continue why we care about some awareness OCCASION, BECAUSE THIS IS A LOT OF TIME A change of research on a paper you're going to see them talk about summer here in a second, because
Jin-Yi Yu: In poor scenario, if we have a global warming that warm up slowly, then the nice senility is still high enough so now club owners. We know that water in the scene in the North Atlantic
Jin-Yi Yu: And in particular region. So we have global warming Walmart, slowly, slowly, then we still have salinity does higher now still make the water sink in. And also handy because warming is going to make the water less
Jin-Yi Yu: Heavy density reduce to increase our ocean temperature, but if the scenario if this woman is very slow.
Jin-Yi Yu: nationality is still higher now because salinity and temperature post Coachella determiner density, even though temperature increase, but as it is to larger now we still can have heavy
Jin-Yi Yu: Water masters, the water still sing to the pattern. So we still have the summer Hannah security, if we if our global warming happening slowly.
Jin-Yi Yu: And since we still have some Ohana circulation this summer. So I'm hesitating is still going to absorb all is warming the heat into the ocean and then carry it.
Jin-Yi Yu: To the path of the ocean and the stove or these warm into the promotion, then we can differ our global warming. So, so if we have a global warming and a 700 still maintain
Jin-Yi Yu: A semi Hannah security. So, my hand is occurring can help us to slow down.
Jin-Yi Yu: That problem of called the slope is global warming still condo eventually resurface afterwards are a year, for example, right now we put a lot of carbon dioxide.
Jin-Yi Yu: And of course, global warming and we expect a proper temperature the warm up. For example, fighting greasy, but we didn't see that we only see two degrees. See why because maybe the illustrated Christie has been
Jin-Yi Yu: Transferred to the tip of our ocean to hire the right but eventually you're going this summer has increasingly surface.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is going to release the heat back to master. And so even though maybe up to one side. Years later, we already stop.
Jin-Yi Yu: Burning carbon dioxide, but we still see our temperature increase. That's because all those global warming. He really in the first ones are in here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Why are we putting carbon dioxide or some of our woman has been hiding or differ into the deeper ocean by the summer Hannah security.
Jin-Yi Yu: And these different woman still can come back once a year. They even though, even if you are a stop putting carbon dioxide that's why
Jin-Yi Yu: The origin didn't eliminate the woman just prefer the warming, but still a question because we met all global warming last traumatic making more slow, slow, slow, slow. It was time
Jin-Yi Yu: To find a solution to come the global warming. But, however, in the second scenario. He about global warming happen so fast.
Jin-Yi Yu: And the temperature certainly increase so quickly and then we cannot use the similarity to maintain a large density
Jin-Yi Yu: Without maintenance large density our service ocean, it comes to a warm water density becomes solo then we completely shut down. Mr. Mohammed security that means
Jin-Yi Yu: Ocean cannot help us to slow down or to defer the global warming and then we're going to have a very traumatic fast, the rate of growth for me in, it must be it will go very, very fast. So all these two scenarios. Just try to emphasize policy sermon sermo hand and security is very important.
Jin-Yi Yu: To determine
Jin-Yi Yu: How fast.
Jin-Yi Yu: Our group or warming
Jin-Yi Yu: Will be okay. That's why the scientific community and climate change community care so much about some heinous occasion, so you can read our paper is a
Jin-Yi Yu: Because in the future because the summer has
Jin-Yi Yu: Shut down or someone is getting shut down. So the right now. We still don't know whether or not our global warming is going to cost the summer when I say anything should shut down or not. And is your we are community.
Jin-Yi Yu: research community still try to find out how to determine these as in the professor
Jin-Yi Yu: Of France. Our promos grew and because friends what developing a way to help at a computer model to see more a nice sounding here simulation in a very quick way. So his method. Hell, the community to reduce the computational
Jin-Yi Yu: Barrier that we can find out whether or not the summer when I security can be shut down. Okay, so let me go back to
Jin-Yi Yu: One nice thing about read it or water sinking to the bottom of the ocean. That's where see here there's two ways we can increase the salinity.
Jin-Yi Yu: To make water go down either we have a preparation. We have a string call enjoy winter air coming off on North America continent and move to the North Atlantic, he will increase the evaporation from the north and then take ocean. And now we're increasing it. That's why North Atlantic
Jin-Yi Yu: Deep Water is for mayor or we can form see is we see as form sought a nap in ocean before we kick a freshwater lake and we will increase a similarity and now will increase density. And also, that's the reason and tactic.
Jin-Yi Yu: Bottom Water was fun. So we have these two region to produce the sinking branch of the summer. Hannah separation and this sinking here. That's it. Let's go to this site.
Jin-Yi Yu: So this example. So now, somebody says North Pole summer here is equator. And in this subtropical region.
Jin-Yi Yu: Subtropical region is where this equator is the last pope is certainty, putting us in 60 people not we are have any security going down here, right, or is coming down here needed subtropical region and because he is calling calling down
Jin-Yi Yu: Here. So, we have around a preparation and then our operation is going to take a fresh water away. And so we are going to have increase the density. What is going to become has a high similarity here at the same time subtropical region is the region where we have this a common
Jin-Yi Yu: Transport 400 training, go to North and transport go into the south to the Western when so all this water is going to convert
Jin-Yi Yu: In the sacrament transport, you're going to convert in the subtropical region and that convergence going to push the water. The going down.
Jin-Yi Yu: So either due to the scenario it from a population of due to this equipment transport in a subtropical region, water is going to sink to the park and that's what we show in the previous slide here.
Jin-Yi Yu: The distribution of these excrement pumping WHEN HE IS BLUE COLLAR means hello caller means this is positive value is called up boiling
Jin-Yi Yu: Water is going up with all this green color is called town. We are in
Jin-Yi Yu: All the water is coming down. So you see that everywhere in a subtropical region vs near the city between us and 30 degrees south do to Dotto
Jin-Yi Yu: Process as a half of the sale sinking in Korea. If operation costs initiative to increase cause water become hey we all do to recommend transport, because here.
Jin-Yi Yu: We have water element transport or not because we have easterly will here.
Jin-Yi Yu: And we are Wesley, we hear a common transport to the right. So all these extra transport is called combos in a sub topic subtropics subtropics subtropics
Jin-Yi Yu: In this testament print columns path is going to go into, into a deeper, deeper that and that's why you see that all these water in the subtropical region, they're going to come down, come down, come down, but because this we have with somebody say for example you have for water.
Jin-Yi Yu: A, B, C, D is more close to the total ratings are his temperature is called a decree 23 category for iniquity fornicate lower lower temperature increase
Jin-Yi Yu: The temperature increase his test this door, and those at the point he has higher this one a density. That's what even though they're all synced to the pattern.
Jin-Yi Yu: A ism a sink deeper. That's why is kind of a deeper part and then pointy has a lower thirsty. So it's going to flow on top of the eight so when they're all around equator. Here, for example.
Jin-Yi Yu: The water coming from point A is going to be at a deeper depth and then is equator water coming from Point B is right above the
Jin-Yi Yu: Water coming from a. So that's why we will create this if we call them quote unquote really quick. Go to the equator and we call them to measure.
Jin-Yi Yu: The density of water and for example 100 meter 200 meter 300 we will find out their density yesterday again temperature exactly match.
Jin-Yi Yu: The temperature density when it is. I'm the service at a point in one is I'm a survey to point B. And when he's on a service at a point, see, OK, now this concept is going to keep us this comes up.
Jin-Yi Yu: Here.
Jin-Yi Yu: ocean water mess all she wanna mess concept is very similar to a mass I follows has meteorology, pick one. You know, when we talk about
Jin-Yi Yu: When does Tom, we have this call from here we have one friend here.
Jin-Yi Yu: And here we are warm air. We have cold air. We are cool air 3D temperature call who one and this warm air was ample if we if we have winter storm coming here.
Jin-Yi Yu: In this area, then we know this woman is coming from Arizona or New Mexico. That's called continental tropical air mass here.
Jin-Yi Yu: And the air in this region is coming from marine Percival polar air because coming from, like, from our use an iron and this area here is coming from continental polar MS from Canada. Right. So we also immature. Are you also define the air in front of COUGH COUGH.
Jin-Yi Yu: Or cold front behind a cold front or behind one from Inferno, one from we also keep a different name. This is a similar concept with ocean, but also is more
Jin-Yi Yu: Beautiful because ocean air math either mix with each other. Easy MS can mix with each other. Easy. So after a few days after his windows TOMO. We cannot decide this air.
Jin-Yi Yu: Where this air is original coming from here or here or here because air temperature can mix one ms temperature can mix with another air mass for for water.
Jin-Yi Yu: It cannot miss each other very easy. So you always maintained his original temperature is original salinity, no matter who
Jin-Yi Yu: He moved under this part of Ocean to the other part. The other part is still maintain is orange original temperature insanity. So by looking
Jin-Yi Yu: If we are in this location, location. A this item here and then we measure the water from surface to the pattern before kilometer.
Jin-Yi Yu: By looking at a temperature insularity, we can find out where this water originated from because they will read retain the original temperature insanity based on where the origin come from. And that's why ocean water can define them.
Jin-Yi Yu: Original and we can name the ocean water mess because all you Adam as process distinct identify property and Tom open mics easy when they meet
Jin-Yi Yu: So instead of usually for above or below so water don't mix it. They go above or below right here can mix.
Jin-Yi Yu: So always you want to mess can retain their identity for great distance and long period of time. Right, so oceanographer name or this order. What a mess, according to their, their location. So here again, all these original the name of the water, they became with Capital. Capital. Capital. Capital
Jin-Yi Yu: So if we have a water.
Jin-Yi Yu: Now here.
Jin-Yi Yu: It is synced. It is the city would ask or CT CT a hot item, a
Jin-Yi Yu: Item eight,
Jin-Yi Yu: Are not as people geographic that person and hockey a static
Jin-Yi Yu: When you sing near the first 200 meter, then we call entity surface or the capital S capital in this entity water sink.
Jin-Yi Yu: deeper depth to near the bottom or similar crime, then we call entity center water capital C capital Tapia then if you want, and that you want to sync all the way to
Jin-Yi Yu: Around 101,500 meter is called intermediate or other events think even people almost touching ocean for hasn't touched on zoom for bitcoin
Jin-Yi Yu: And coffee, tea, water evil and it was seeing all the way to catch ocean for record entity.
Jin-Yi Yu: Partner mother, you can deploy say the same thing for different water if they're able to see all the way to the father of course we know only and not is more possible to sync all the way to the bottom. So let me give you example. So now we have
Jin-Yi Yu: We made our water we put a boy here. Oh, you measure the the ocean similarity and temperature at this location call in the eastern corridor. See here.
Jin-Yi Yu: It is okay here Elsa Australia. Then we go down.
Jin-Yi Yu: Go down to
Jin-Yi Yu: We caught on fire service, all the way to the bottom of this location right to find out, or sorry back
Jin-Yi Yu: To find out his tips temperature instability. Right. So from the surface here on this night is the one we measure it in this particular case, you're so right now.
Jin-Yi Yu: In this location we measure the temperature is an entity called a disc profile. Right. And then we find our nearest surface. This water is coming from local so we call
Jin-Yi Yu: Coral Sea surface water. So this is S is capital tapping is capital means in this part of water is just locally sync from service for maybe 200 meter. Then we continue recording them, we come to this central otherwise essential other other sense of water.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is water. The at the bottom of the summer crime. So in this karate location, the water in this
Jin-Yi Yu: Near near the bottom of the summer crime this scene I will find a match the water coming from western Pacific center wonderful example. This one is called Western South Pacific, and have a sink fan service.
Jin-Yi Yu: To the pattern it go to this horsey area. So you can see that across the media these steps that the water temperature is really the major in karate this scene I match the water surface.
Jin-Yi Yu: The other property in the western South Pacific central other which is the this
Jin-Yi Yu: Orange, man. So they match exactly so we know that in this course in the water right underneath a similar client coming from this area.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then if we go to this cross it even deeper see this, you know, going deeper we find Allah is water is probably the temperatures is very close to
Jin-Yi Yu: The Antarctic father, mother, and right above this part is very close to the property or entity intermediate water. So we know in this location.
Jin-Yi Yu: Near to the sea for the water actually coming from entity witnessing families and capital region equal all the way to the bottom of this cross it that's why this boot back
Jin-Yi Yu: The property of entity.
Jin-Yi Yu: Bottled water is temperature insanity almost match to the one we measure at a part of a currency. So I want you to exercise this slide to understand what the this water mass means. Okay, that's all I want to say about his path.
Jin-Yi Yu: And that's pretty much all I want to say for the ocean part of his chapter as soon as all I want to say, Yeah, okay. Well, I have another 60 minutes. So let's let me move on to the
Jin-Yi Yu: Next chapter which is the
Jin-Yi Yu: Class fear, which is a very, very short chapter so request fear is the last panel of the hour this question. This question of about climate system. Right. We already talked about the atmosphere, we talk about ocean.
Jin-Yi Yu: We talk about land surface. Now this last part is called a class fear. So we have a Thomas fear we have ocean we have relearned now is acquires fear.
Jin-Yi Yu: And after that we will describe phenomena climate variability in this common system, particularly in Otter must be an ocean in the next chapter. So now this is a very
Jin-Yi Yu: short chapter. I just want to describe what is acquires fear. So basically, the primary component of our class fear in crew.
Jin-Yi Yu: Or the six items. Right. So of course, the most obvious one is the continental ice sheet, and I shall right I see it is that
Jin-Yi Yu: I grace. You're sitting a big piece of pressure sitting under them will impact on our creation extended and floating up an ocean. That's called ICO so they are together and the second component is see is right is floating
Jin-Yi Yu: On the ocean, my break into small pieces Moscow Cs, and then we have also have this big piece of the credential that's located on a mountain. That's called mountain Granger.
Jin-Yi Yu: And the first component of a cross fitters river and make ice and snow shovel snow is also part of the operating costs for you and the one to myself that I did not
Jin-Yi Yu: Initially aware of to be part of class fear is called permafrost. And this is a frozen ground. This is for
Jin-Yi Yu: Then service group the coastal communities department, some of them. They studied his promo for us because promo for us when when a male is going to release another mapping and that's going to
Jin-Yi Yu: Release a lot of greenhouse gas into our chemistry. That's why promo for us is very important to our, our global warming issue.
Jin-Yi Yu: So I think you probably already know all these things are part of the class fear for myself that were new to me is the permafrost.
Jin-Yi Yu: And so we are going to explain a promo for us a little bit more. But now let's talk about what is the
Jin-Yi Yu: Impact of the class fear. So, which at least a few important, in fact. So for example, when the distribution of sea ice and snow is going to change our capital, capital is kind of our global energy cycle.
Jin-Yi Yu: And it among of our Crazy Eyes his company mail is called an increased sea level, right, because this is a very big piece of sea level rise of contact. Because, see, they will go up and down are related to issue two factor one is thermal expansion when ocean.
Jin-Yi Yu: Warm up the bottom of the ocean will expand in a sea level rise, even though total even don't even if the total amount of water does not increase or decrease by
Jin-Yi Yu: Expanding or cooling contraction, we still can affect global seed ever in a second factor to determine prophetic global CMO of courses we mailed
Jin-Yi Yu: Come in integration into the Austrian that's going to increase the signal or we form a lot of continental he will take the fresh water.
Jin-Yi Yu: Sackler question for you on our ocean and put Angular become a glacier, then we can attract the sea level, right. So this question is one of the two factor could determine the global CEO level.
Jin-Yi Yu: And as I mentioned the promo for us at the mail is going to reduce greenhouse gas into the atmosphere enhance yeah asked for is going to take a fresh water away. But see I smell.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is going to release fresh water into the ocean into increase or decrease the stability and control.
Jin-Yi Yu: To intensify or the shutdown our summer Hannah security a mountain snow carbon creation of course that's very important. The water resource for human being. So those are a few example of why we care about.
Jin-Yi Yu: The quest fear. Now let's go to the promo for us as I say here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Most important, important thing is that
Jin-Yi Yu: promo for us is come see so here permafrost is permanent frozen ground and is defined it simply in terms of temperature. So even though promo for us is part of Christ, Sophia, which you usually we
Jin-Yi Yu: automatically think coach CrossFit into ice or snow, but here I'm not for us is not defined based on the presence of
Jin-Yi Yu: ice or snow or what on so it's based on temperature. So in Ottawa eyes. It does not need to actually to be present in order to
Jin-Yi Yu: To define some. There are some part on enters the promo fast, as long as the wrong room temperature is remember below zero degrees C for two or more year then we caught up problem for us. So I think this is a very important
Jin-Yi Yu: Manager for note i promo for us is defined based on the the soil temperature. So the other important seem to remember is that timer for us is heated from below. So we have
Jin-Yi Yu: summer heat in front interior of the Earth, keep on trying to warm up this promo price and underserved base we have co a
Jin-Yi Yu: Co template Kibana try to frozen this promo for sort of some of promo for is a heated from below and COO from surface. This is very important knowledge.
Jin-Yi Yu: In a vertical structure be some of us. Is that near the surface. He has a layer we call active there. So most of the permafrost temperatures here. Do the greasy, they are
Jin-Yi Yu: Lord and God greasy right for more than two years. So we have promo fast one surface to a certain tasks because go even deeper this
Jin-Yi Yu: The heating found is some of the interior part of the of the game is called a Walmart is why come on Francisco and the somewhere at a certain tasks.
Jin-Yi Yu: And near the top layer of this summer permafrost is called activity. This their temperature may
Jin-Yi Yu: Occasionally, in a few months that become warmer than zero degree in winter become quarter zero degrees warmer is this there that mirror surface temperature can fluctuate fluctuated
Jin-Yi Yu: unseasonal page is called active, active there, but I'll besides active there, the temperature change in a promo for us are very slow. So
Jin-Yi Yu: It only respond to be careful and Uncle Tim can measure. So whether or not we have promo for us mail or increase the path is depending on the global
Jin-Yi Yu: warming or cooling under kind scale decaying or even longer, right. So that's why that does, how important is permafrost melting or not is responding to slow me or slow coding
Jin-Yi Yu: And near service melting or promo for us can result in Lake or water lock soil with this anaerobic means no passage in condition. So, I will
Jin-Yi Yu: Enact when we have the promo fast mail then is clear condition that can grow this producer our method that's why promo for us is important sauce to affect the greenhouse gas melting of promo fat.
Jin-Yi Yu: So this is the basic concept of promo for us. Now let's move on to the basic concept of another important part of class fear that ratio.
Jin-Yi Yu: Right. How is occasional form. So I already described this process. First you have snow falling to the surface. Right. And then this not has to be able to because know was produced in winter.
Jin-Yi Yu: And we don't. I can have pressure is not depends on how much know you produce in the winter is depends on how much snow can survive.
Jin-Yi Yu: Through the hot summer if the smoke is services. I'm then we will have a chance to perform Granger. Okay, this is also important concept to when we talk about the paleo climate.
Jin-Yi Yu: Related greater indication of whether or not the case, creative integrator period we have larger piece of ice cover us or smaller piece that teasing is not a temperature in winter, the teasing is the temperature in summer.
Jin-Yi Yu: When during a certain certain years the temperature in summer of ours is very low, then the pressure area will grow. Now we are integration period.
Jin-Yi Yu: When in a certain period of our past gaming when it's summer temperature is very high then the is Camille, can I survive the summer. Then we have smaller
Jin-Yi Yu: Area upgraded and it's called independence, your period. So the key thing for creation is the summer temperature. Okay. If we the snow can survive summer, then you will start to accumulate
Jin-Yi Yu: Then the snowpack a sickness or increase when he increases sickness, it become heavier, you will produce the pressure and push the southern get together and
Jin-Yi Yu: Become hostile each other in this process called pressure synchronizing after we push the snow together. And together, the density of snow increase and then or become trends will transform the snow. So this pressure
Jin-Yi Yu: staying current process to become crazy. Oh, OK. So now the casing is this statement.
Jin-Yi Yu: Where is it
Jin-Yi Yu: Here snow accumulation may be on the center meters per year. So these growing of these glacier France notation.
Jin-Yi Yu: The rate of growth is only every year. Just a few centimeters. Okay, this is very important concept because if we go to the occasion like Antarctic up Rena if we find out this piece operational is one kilometer deep
Jin-Yi Yu: Then how much painting or karmically study found this region now based on his statement ABA you only accumulate a one centimeter of the, the ratio. Now you have one kilometer is equal to 1000 meter, one meter is
Jin-Yi Yu: 100 centimeters. So you have 1000
Jin-Yi Yu: So if we have one kilometer of ratio you asked call you go to
Jin-Yi Yu: Greenland and attempts are clean and he has one kilometer you if you get an ice cold phone surface to the bathroom or this one kilometer.
Jin-Yi Yu: Then the total past history of us. Now you can discover found this one kilometer ice core is equal to 1000 times 100 is 100 Selden ears of US history can be discovered from one kilometer of this is called okay so that's where I mentioned here.
Jin-Yi Yu: That green ice is a sickness, about one kilometer so green and green ice can tell us
Jin-Yi Yu: one kilometer times at one meter is 100 centimeters one year is one centimeter. So the green and he can tell us 100 sorry years have passed us history.
Jin-Yi Yu: Entity. It is about four kilometer deep so these four kilometers equal to 4000 meter for equal to 4000 times 100 centimeters. So he can tell us 400 sorry years have passed us history. So that's important, based on attacks of the glacier, you can ask me how much past history of us can be
Jin-Yi Yu: Stopped. Can we discover families. I see. Okay, why the ice as called can tell us what happened in the past of this earth because it can see from this one.
Jin-Yi Yu: This is surface. So we have air atmosphere. This area has carbon dioxide, water vapor maybe carbon dioxide 300 ppm and water vapor is 20 million right and maybe 1000 years ago.
Jin-Yi Yu: The carbon dioxide among is 200 and what is only one was an auto popping up passport to
Jin-Yi Yu: Chop here so cover NASA and then so is it must be once a year so has 200 ppm of carbon dioxide and this cup. And as I will be showing up or four will be trapped inside the snow and then when this next year. He has new eyes form here is from here and then this
Jin-Yi Yu: Carbon as I was the comparatively underneath after 100 years something they were barely hear you covered as a truck here and then even once. Sonia data, this carbon dioxide from one solid years ago.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is now Trump underneath this water this pressure and and then so that's why the past history of atmosphere, how much carbon dioxide, we can find out if we
Jin-Yi Yu: Become a column of the ice and we mail this piece of ice and then this cup Cup and the answer will be released from
Jin-Yi Yu: This covered as one. Some years ago, can be shown up in our laboratory and we even take this part of eyes. Maybe that's 100 years ago and we agree mail this part of ice and not this
Jin-Yi Yu: Public air release, we can find out how much carbon dioxide concentration look like 100 years ago. So I think this is the very same idea that
Jin-Yi Yu: Paleo can people find out how can we find out the past history of outcome is very cool.
Jin-Yi Yu: I guess concentration by looking at the eyes as a very important concept, please allow me five more minutes to finish the chapter.
Jin-Yi Yu: So this ratio is one it is disclosure. There's two patch management ratio here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Because he only called a high and at the moment he kept more and more. And then the other part of Asia is hungry calling in the ice sheet, which is 100 to 1000 kilometer.
Jin-Yi Yu: In horizontal or in a sickness is one to four kilometers in two largest ice. We have Antarctic ice and cleaner ice and then we have Monique ratio ratio is now that no so
Jin-Yi Yu: He is one kilometer two kilometers three character for Konami the upper management ratio is only 10 meter or 100 meter.
Jin-Yi Yu: Similarly, how much past history of Earth's history can be really can be revealed by man. And again, if we have 100 meter than 100 meter times each meters 100 centimeters. So now become
Jin-Yi Yu: 10,000 years of history can be tell if we go to the mountain glacial haha
Jin-Yi Yu: And this one just quickly tell you that when the crash of continental Croatia, they behave
Jin-Yi Yu: Because they are very happy they are one kilometer to calibrate big piece of water accumulate and purple each other so they have a lot of pressure, the stress.
Jin-Yi Yu: They'll push this pressure to move slowly, slowly, slowly so everybody know case or move in a way more is that a fat is speed is somewhere near the surface.
Jin-Yi Yu: And the spear records, it becomes slower, slow, slow, slow. And at the bottom that connect to the bedrock.
Jin-Yi Yu: Then the mountain crazier supposedly completely frozen is not moving. And then the spear, increase, increase, when you go to pack, but in the other situation. Sometimes we have water right and then the this
Jin-Yi Yu: He has a crack and there's a small gap. So this water Forest Service can go down, go down, go down, go down, go down to the bottom of this.
Jin-Yi Yu: Ice Ice sheet and I will become a lubricate
Jin-Yi Yu: Because here and allow so the what the glacier in contact with the para instead of now movie actually he can move right this call.
Jin-Yi Yu: This one is called pace pace or
Jin-Yi Yu: When is is not frozen to the rock. There's a liquid water at a place, then a credential can slide over the para. In this case, the turnstile movement has two components first component is this component
Jin-Yi Yu: The minima near the pattern increase with high and the second component is this pencil.
Jin-Yi Yu: Motion due to a liquid. And that's why I made a payroll is moving and in the horizontal if we have a per view looking down from the sky into
Jin-Yi Yu: This horizontal view this is to mountain and Croatia trapping very this also again the fastest glacial speeds the middle in a slow and repost and connect with Amanda. So this is very obvious.
Jin-Yi Yu: Now I want to talk about. I see, I see. Is that CEOs is most important is this animation.
Jin-Yi Yu: So animation tell you this impacted region. So you can see that this is the season when it comes to June, July, August, that's when we can see that
Jin-Yi Yu: When it is winter. This is can go all the way almost close to 50 degree South
Jin-Yi Yu: And when it is a summer season. His eyes were more Mel mel. Mel mel. Mel, oh man, oh man, oh man, oh man, go back to about 60 degree. So I thought this
Jin-Yi Yu: Amazing just tell you one thing the seasonal variation of CS Cava is huge. That's why he can change our service up either in a very big way. And it can also
Jin-Yi Yu: Affect how much
Jin-Yi Yu: How, how big or how small ocean area has he for us coming from ocean pulled out a mass email to help at a must be the maintain
Jin-Yi Yu: Temperature. OK. So I'm going to explain that match that. And now, in this lecture, but he honestly see is grow in sickness plus new eyes form from seawater freeze until the bottom is back. So since does not grow.
Jin-Yi Yu: From snow falling under cis cis grows from the pattern of the CMS because is keeping it grows near the pattern. So this is a very, very important concept. See, is to not cross from
Jin-Yi Yu: CS grows from a pattern. Okay, so why I see as is important. As you can see that this huge area of ocean water will have CEOs when he has he has what happened, the CEO of
Jin-Yi Yu: The heat exchange between ocean and air and because in the wintertime rice. Yes, for in the winter so air temperature, and I must be without heat coming from ocean.
Jin-Yi Yu: To help the air to maintain temperature can see as for the air temperature can drop to 30 degrees below zero.
Jin-Yi Yu: When CS melt the heat coming from Ocean to the uttermost with the hell mountain air temperature to close to water temperature. So, that will be a change of service decrease see, between
Jin-Yi Yu: We see us and with us. Yes, that's what I see is, is very important. So one major can empower see is if the CEO or CEO of
Jin-Yi Yu: The and then I also found in the actual with other must be without a CS carbohydrate or the ocean transfer large or he must be particularly in winter.
Jin-Yi Yu: When you have see. So then that's why CS to choosing to our common first car so he for us when we increase temperature, we may see is
Jin-Yi Yu: Melting see as allow ocean to send the heat for that promise we're too far further increase our
Jin-Yi Yu: air temperature. The Korea way when we have colder temperature we found cis cis was turn off the heat exchange the temperature up even call them. So C is will make Global Warming or Global Cooling
Jin-Yi Yu: Even was based on these key for us feedback.
Jin-Yi Yu: CS also change up the, the one we have increased temperature with decrease the eyes and there will decrease our credo more solar radiation can keep up the surface temperature even warmer. So, global warming, global warming.
Jin-Yi Yu: Global Cooling then we have see as form. We will form.
Jin-Yi Yu: Increase libido will reflect more sunlight and last, and I can absorb our surface surface can even colder. So Coca Cola get even worse.
Jin-Yi Yu: So see is, is very important to make our Global Warming or Global Cooling was that's why it is very important part of a global climate change study. Yeah, sorry. I took them in. I'm going to stop here. Anyone has any question you can come to the discussion tomorrow.
Jin-Yi Yu: office hour. Okay, any other question.
Jin-Yi Yu: No. Okay, then I'll stop here and I'll see you tomorrow at the office hour at 1pm. Thank you very much, everybody. Bye.