Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, so let me begin the lecture for today. And as I mentioned in the email to you yesterday that I postponed today for more number until next Monday. So if you have not submitted the homework, you can still work on it until
Jin-Yi Yu: Midnight next Monday.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then second homework will be our issue. The second homework next after the lecture next Tuesday. Instead of is Thursday. Yes, I want to come back to finish the
Jin-Yi Yu: First lecture on the introduction of our climate system and our star ID finish our discussion on temperature then and then also already moved to pressure
Jin-Yi Yu: So let's continue on this one. So, again, that definition of pressure could be in toy.
Jin-Yi Yu: You can describe the pressure as the weight of air more of a above a certain surface either I'm near the surface or at any particular high up.
Jin-Yi Yu: At the top surface or you can consider pressure plus the bombardment of air molecules, a surface at pollution, you have a push out and that's also can be considered as a pressure
Jin-Yi Yu: But in this lecture or actually for this class, we are going to come see the pressure peer pressure as the way up here above any surface that we measure the pressure
Jin-Yi Yu: And then the second need to describe it. You only to use for pressure. So this is very quickly. So again, for the for the temperature international standard system. The uniform on a
Jin-Yi Yu: System international system is Calvin degree and for pressure if we use the MKS system meter for scale kilogram for wait a second for time, then the unit for pressure for force is new and
Jin-Yi Yu: It's a four forces and new car, and it seems pressure is defined as the force over a unit area square area me the area. So basically we define
Jin-Yi Yu: The international standard unit for pressure is
Jin-Yi Yu: Is my four years piece.
Skylar Dominic Gerace: I can't see your slides, if you're
Jin-Yi Yu: All kind of share screen.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay all right now. Sorry about that. No, thank you for, let me know.
Jin-Yi Yu: Sorry for your name for the atmospheric pressure. So for the force in the International Union is muted and the pressure is defined as the force of pride to you only square area so
That
Jin-Yi Yu: Up.
Jin-Yi Yu: Beautiful air pressure is a force of one newton acting on the surface of one square meter and this unit is called Pascal so
Jin-Yi Yu: The correct
Jin-Yi Yu: Scale, you
Lucas Santos: Can see Earth life.
Lucas Santos: You cannot know
Jin-Yi Yu: Oh, sorry, let me
Jin-Yi Yu: See should be this one.
Jin-Yi Yu: It's okay, etc. Right now.
Melisa Perut: Yeah, I can see you. Thank you.
Jin-Yi Yu: Thank you very much. Sorry.
Jin-Yi Yu: So the only four at the most afraid pressure army international system uni is called Pascal and what is a skill is a force of one new method acting on the surface area because pressure is a force acting on the square meter and the universal force is new tab.
Jin-Yi Yu: And the surface area is on a
Jin-Yi Yu: Meter square
Jin-Yi Yu: Meter square. So, when you have Milton parking meter square and this unit is called Pascal.
Jin-Yi Yu: So that's up there unit we use it. We want to do any formula calculation mathematical calculation regulated pressure, however, meteorology, find out if we look at our daily or hourly where the
Jin-Yi Yu: Variation of the atmospheric pressure. If you make your pressure over the whole United States, for example.
Jin-Yi Yu: And you are located in Switzerland occasion you measure the pressure change with time. Always. They always are you not a starter prices, all in the country seldom Pascal and 99,000 per scale or 90 120 Pascal up
Jin-Yi Yu: Night.
Jin-Yi Yu: Last night, right.
Jin-Yi Yu: Yes, and there's
Jin-Yi Yu: A
Jin-Yi Yu: So we find out that the the pressure variation service pressure variation on in our MSP is always go something of 100,000 and 00 Pascal and 9800 Pascal or
Jin-Yi Yu: One saw you 200 pasta. So anyway, we notice that the variation of air pressure in our atmosphere is usually I'm usually have separate countries.
Jin-Yi Yu: Pascal. Right. And that's why we cure it define that in order to write 10000 Pascal. We just neglect the last two digits. So when we go out to define a unit.
Jin-Yi Yu: Core happy have a co Pascal one helical means 100 so we are going to come out pressure at unit 100 Pascal and this unit 100 Pascal unit is called
Jin-Yi Yu: Pascal is equal to one half circle Pascal. So this ordering. If you are not in this field. If you read another piece meteorology Academy paper. You can see people writing say that we made. We use the win at
Jin-Yi Yu: 100
Jin-Yi Yu: Have a call Pascal label and this means at major am the 15 00 Pascal vocal meteorites dental caries and also sometimes we use we use the minibar to describe as Pascal. So I had a capacity one how to go Pascal is equal to one, meaning
Jin-Yi Yu: So those are two similar union we use, but when you write paper people for money us how article Pascal. That's one thing or one dimension mentioned. So in case you're not in this field, make sure you understand what this word in this exactly the same.
Jin-Yi Yu: Meaning and why you saw them have a copper scale when soldered minibar is equal to one path as whole
Jin-Yi Yu: The total amount of pressure produced by our chemistry on a beach
Jin-Yi Yu: That's the end. I want to mention. Now let's look at a vertical and horizontal distribution of pressure. That's the same we did for our
Jin-Yi Yu: Home we discuss the temperature. So we are going to do the same thing or pressure, but in the form of pressure, we are going to learn to important concept.
Jin-Yi Yu: For the
Jin-Yi Yu: For the temperature, you know, I must fear is going to go to define for different there but for the pressure in is to distribution in a vertical direction. We only need to remember once in
Jin-Yi Yu: The pressure air pressure drop decrease was high right the quiz resize by the financial because prices define earth Amanda weight of air.
Jin-Yi Yu: On top of that label you made your the, the pressure, all the way to the top of atmosphere. So if you go higher, higher in the sky. He made you the pressure of course the lens of that a view from the top to that service you major is becomes shorter and shorter you major this
Jin-Yi Yu: Pressure is high, for example, and of course the column of the air is shorter and shorter. So the pressures.
Jin-Yi Yu: Of course, for sure. To decrease. However, we noticed that in our atmosphere, the pressure decrease exponentially with high right and there's a toy to understand this. The first way is that because neither our
Jin-Yi Yu: Air is not your name for me district distributed distributed through the whole atmosphere. This is different from ocean in the ocean water is the is constant. And so the water
Jin-Yi Yu: Mass in ocean is uniformly distributed distributed through attempts of ocean. So that's why the pressure
Jin-Yi Yu: Change in the ocean from a surface zero to the bottom of certain apps or ocean is always going to increase, increase come more water more water more water. So the price increase, meaning it
Jin-Yi Yu: But, you know, the most fear because areas compressible, so he can have a different density. So you notice that the atmospheric pressure.
Jin-Yi Yu: Or a decrease in decrease is high in always increase respects, but this change or pressure in a monster is exponentially. And that's due to the fact that we have different air density
Jin-Yi Yu: At a different height of atmosphere. You can see that the other service and it was very much concentrating the inner surface when you go higher, that tends to Eric. Alas, alas, alas, or you go to the top of peace at a must repent to become very small so that's why
Jin-Yi Yu: The other project decrease was high in the not in a meaningful way. And the second way to think about these exponential decrease is from the hydrostatic
Jin-Yi Yu: Balance. We are going to describe. So this one basically telling you that only if you have a
Jin-Yi Yu: Pro mass is to be distributed in such a way, increase exponentially. Then we can see that the
Jin-Yi Yu: So we have another ATMs here so you can consider as many, many packs of a new service and then we go higher IQ, a few bucks of air.
Jin-Yi Yu: And we can even higher. We are even that feel less access of air and then and because all these packs of air they produce oil so only we stuck our
Jin-Yi Yu: Air in such a way in its financial decrease way that the pressure produced by all these boxes will become more stable.
Jin-Yi Yu: That it can be bad. And so the pressure near the surface high pressure because we have a lot of air mass higher pressure value. And then when we go top of other most is lower pressure
Jin-Yi Yu: And the
Jin-Yi Yu: The force is going to go out pressure for us is trying to push
Jin-Yi Yu: The air from higher pressure to lower pressure. So if we are standing here. Actually, the prices for us is going to push us co op. And the reason we didn't
Jin-Yi Yu: Find high BP because we also have a reputation for acting on us trying to pull ourselves down and when they reach the parents. That's cool. Hydrostatic penance, in order to for for
Jin-Yi Yu: Parties to force pressure waiting for us in the application for us to be Perez. Then we'll find out that the pressure or the area has to be decrease exponentially with us the spirit of our hydrostatic balance.
Jin-Yi Yu: So that's what we want the square right now, but we recognize that the importance of pressure is bad or low it we present the mess. A man.
Jin-Yi Yu: You know what, I must be but when pressure change in space DP change in space.
Jin-Yi Yu: Then it's going to produce motion. Right, so it's not pressure itself produce motion. It is the pressure variation
Jin-Yi Yu: Over space.
Jin-Yi Yu: That can produce motion. And in this pressure variation over space is called pressure gradient force. Okay, so this is very important. It is not pressure alarm produce more air when an ocean.
Jin-Yi Yu: No motion you know Camus's the east of pressure variation as cooperation Korean force that's why we need to know how pressure distribution look like now as missing one more thing.
Jin-Yi Yu: Yep. So we need to know how pressure Barry through the space and the quick way to see how this pressure Barry in space.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is showing a prideful map and on a constant value of project connect all those points together as call I sofa. So in case you're not
Jin-Yi Yu: From meteorology atmospheric or feel need to know. But I saw bar means means that AB point on the same I saw last night, they have exactly same pressure value and what's good about this showing a pressure, man. For example, we now only have
Jin-Yi Yu: One person.
Jin-Yi Yu: Leaving in this location.
Jin-Yi Yu: in Irvine. And then we have another person leaving in the in this location. And then we have some point the surface and even has a pope.
Jin-Yi Yu: Of major the pressure over oceans or even though we only have three point, but because by if we know this is very low value for example is 980 minibar
Jin-Yi Yu: And in this. That's what is point of here okay matches example and then we have another person living in this state, and then they made your pressure is 1020 minibar
Jin-Yi Yu: And we have not personally be here and report out approaches 1000 linear path, even though we just have three point, but we can to all these
Jin-Yi Yu: pressure distribution simply just based on these three point. And the reason is because pressure represent the mass of our atmosphere.
Jin-Yi Yu: And atmospheric pressure, the mass cannot Barry very quickly in space, it typically the model mass in Otter mostly we are here.
Jin-Yi Yu: This cup of atmosphere, you're more air mass, let's say make a higher and we have less air mass medical though more like ocean we represent that way you're more air mass less
Jin-Yi Yu: air mass and this MS is not going to very very quickly in space. Doesn't look at me when we can change very quickly but pressure major mass, mass very, very
Jin-Yi Yu: Slowly. OK. So now you can see that using base. These three three information I can do that as it is 980 minibar so outside must be at something called 919 NEBA then it has 981,000 minibar and then he has 1010 million in our know then we have
Jin-Yi Yu: 1020 minibar and that was telling me about cannot
Jin-Yi Yu: Go through this point must be outside this point because
Jin-Yi Yu: Is
Jin-Yi Yu: And then you have another one sodomy, so he can try this and this adult price or high pressure. So even though you only have three point A.
Jin-Yi Yu: B C three point, but you can major you can guess how strong the wind is based on this pressure nine
Jin-Yi Yu: Distribution and you can find out where the wind direction is going to be over the these panels in this panel here based on
Jin-Yi Yu: That use traffic patterns recorder. So pressure is a very useful information because a few observation of pressure over people, men.
Jin-Yi Yu: Can give you a lot of detail information about wins. How strong when he is
Jin-Yi Yu: That the Russian when in any location between these two observation point so precious very, very important information if you are able to produce these
Jin-Yi Yu: These pressure, man. Okay, now let's continue on the issue of the pressure variation which we quantify how much how quickly pressure is going to decrease or increase
Jin-Yi Yu: In space that's called pressure gradient. So these 10 you need to know how to define the pressure gradient. So the pressure gradient force initially in the movement of air at hemispherical mass and to form a week from one area to find a high to low pressure
Jin-Yi Yu: And then we know that the pressure gradient variation can happen to the rescue. One is over the horizontal direction.
Jin-Yi Yu: Like the one I just you hear pressure vary from one location or inside the United States to the other side of the United States variation is was very, you know, South
Jin-Yi Yu: We also know that pressure can change in the vertical direction so vertical pressure change is more easy to cast because we know that in a vertical direction near a service pressure is 1000 minibar or something around that and decrease to
Jin-Yi Yu: And all the way to attack is zero money back. So very clearly the vertical pressure gradient is going to decrease resize monotonic. It was hard for example pressure
Jin-Yi Yu: Change is very difficult to cast depends on which location which is season. Okay. But, but the quality is very clear is always going to decrease with high so now
Jin-Yi Yu: We are going to find are very important fact by comparing the horizontal pressure gradient and vertical pressure equation. Remember pressure equation is going to try when
Jin-Yi Yu: Now let's see how strong the horizontal pressure gradient should be because it's going to try, east, west, when you all know south we ve
Jin-Yi Yu: And we know that the horizontal in has an order of how many meter per second about 10
Jin-Yi Yu: meter per second and vertical pressure is going to quit. It's going to produce driver vertical when every Cohen is an order of
Jin-Yi Yu: One center meter per second. Right. So horizontally is 1000 times stronger than a vertical with so we expect horizontal pressure gradient match must be made very much larger than the vertical pressure gradient
Jin-Yi Yu: And it turned out that it is not a case we find out that the typical horizontal pressure gradient is that for the United States. Look at this one.
Jin-Yi Yu: This high pressure low pressure see on the east coast. The precious highest though is for my country at Reba. In this particular example in on the west coast is one
Jin-Yi Yu: Here can see one Southern 20 or 30 minutes so from one side of the United State to the other side. And the nice thing for this kind of we call our scale relate to our
Jin-Yi Yu: weather phenomena across the whole United State, the total distance is our 4000 kilometer and a pressure only change about 1020 minus 980 which is equal to 40 minutes 40 me Bobby divided by 1000 is 4000 is that every
Jin-Yi Yu: 100 kilometer price you only decrease or increase one money back. That's for most of it were phenomenal.
Jin-Yi Yu: When I met, we can look at, you have to walk 100 kilometer to find our pressure change at one minute.
Jin-Yi Yu: Even if we consider for various Biden weather phenomena Corey hurricane or tornado is pressure gradient, of course, has to be larger stronger right in order to produce this vital struggle with. But even in this extreme case, you see that we take
Jin-Yi Yu: Still take 60 kilometer increase or decrease to America for the wider scale it take me to 100 kilometer to increase or decrease amoeba. But I see what happened in the vertical direction.
Jin-Yi Yu: In order to increase or decrease or minibar we only need to go up and come in the sky by only 10 meter.
Jin-Yi Yu: So that's a huge difference. So the area to vertical pressure gradient are huge in the vertical direction right it's much much greater than the extreme example of horizontal pressure creative
Jin-Yi Yu: So how can we such a strong birdie called pressure gradient and such a week Rocky, but we we are under pressure gradient, how come out when
Jin-Yi Yu: That driven by this vertical project created is so small compared to horizontal and that's why we need to come up with the next slide to say because our atmosphere is most of time in high door static
Jin-Yi Yu: Parents nature force this strong vertical pressure gradient to be always most of time balance by habitation and that's why our atmosphere doesn't walk
Jin-Yi Yu: Up and down, up and down very violently. Okay, and that's why meteorology and kami scientists decide we need to introduce this concept called hydrostatic painter.
Jin-Yi Yu: But here I want to mention use. You remember how this gradient because aside with disquiet every one kilometer. You go up in our atmosphere.
Jin-Yi Yu: The temperature is going to decrease by about 10
Jin-Yi Yu: Degrees see cool down by 10 degrees C or 6.5 degrees is somewhere on this order and the pressure every one kilometer eco up the pressure is going to decrease about 100 me back. Okay, this is a
Jin-Yi Yu: Concept and number, you need to remember and easy, easy to remember because the other surface is 1000 me go to the top of our troposphere, which is Ted is about 100 or 200 minibar troposphere.
Jin-Yi Yu: And we know top is the height. I'll troposphere is about 10 kilometer.
Jin-Yi Yu: So the pressure was dropped from 1000 to close to
Jin-Yi Yu: 100 to 1000 me back at us to my to 100 NEBA but in the troposphere, not take about 10 kilometer. Should I tell you that maybe one kilometer if go up, you're going to change your pressure approximately 90
Jin-Yi Yu: Or 100 money back. Okay, so this is how you should remember. So that one kilometer decrease for every for the 101 kilometer go up change.
Jin-Yi Yu: hundred megabytes equal to 10 meter for one minute. Okay, so these come to the question, why is the vertical is so weak only one set up a meter per second, even though we have very high pressure on a
Jin-Yi Yu: Bottom up bottom as fear no pressure. And this is very strong vertical pressure gradient. And the reason is because our atmosphere is most of time always most of time.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is in hydrostatic parents. So when it is valid or break down.
Jin-Yi Yu: Anybody
Jin-Yi Yu: So if you study meteorology Crimea talking about any way the phenomena kami phenomena, you know, Thomas fear. He could always say are because we had to study parents so wings, very small. However, know phenomenon we are going to talk about here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Doesn't or buy a nice hydrostatic parents. I mean, the vertical is very, very strong. So in her situation vertical will be very strong and hydrostatic Perez does know how
Jin-Yi Yu: To we have some dust on the conical all these Biden weather phenomena, then the hydrostatic patterns equation will break down.
Jin-Yi Yu: And but most of the climate issue or Connie phenomena we discuss if it is in a coma sphere, then you can always assume
Jin-Yi Yu: That kami phenomena is in height or study parents. So this panel is telling you that the strong pressure gradient going up.
Jin-Yi Yu: You have high pressure here. No pressure is going to be parents buy these properties you force coming back. Okay, so this comes out can be expressed in this mathematical formula. The body up
Jin-Yi Yu: Vertical project waiting for school app is going to parents paragraph occupation coming down and how they do it describes this vertical project waiting for us. So now let's take PC surveys
Jin-Yi Yu: And we are here and that's above some way above us in the sky. We have a small a parcel in the sky at least one here.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then he has a uni surface of they are eight and I'm the bottom of this air. So, for example, I'm a service. We are 1000 minibar is a on the bottom here is like say 700 amoeba.
Jin-Yi Yu: And I'm a top of this EP parcel is the process up seven morning 700 or less than 700 anybody
Jin-Yi Yu: If I'm a partner Murray sparks the pressure here is 730 minutes
Jin-Yi Yu: I'm a pop up this box. The process should be
Jin-Yi Yu: So model, rather than 700
Jin-Yi Yu: Smaller. Smaller I of course
Jin-Yi Yu: The pressure always the query side.
Jin-Yi Yu: So here for example is going to be six entry at me. So the reason I mentioned is is if you read his slide, you can see that he tell you on the bottom of this episode of punches p
Jin-Yi Yu: On the top or this pressure practice p plus delta p. So, if this is several hundred minibar here six at minibar how much the pressure change their official be on what is the number
Jin-Yi Yu: That they have a P should be a negative negative value minus 20
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, so this delta pee pee pee is a negative value. Okay. That's why when we wrote on this equation, try to make the vertical pressure great enforce equal to the competition for us, then we say we
Jin-Yi Yu: Have a pressure defense as a project waiting for BP, but this DP in this case is minus 20 me
Jin-Yi Yu: That's why we need to put a minus sign before in this equation. So this whole seeing become positive because in this formula.
Jin-Yi Yu: That pressure on the top of this Lisa figure is called press the P. Okay, so that's key thing to remember. That's why you need to know why it and
Jin-Yi Yu: When we do the hydrostatic parents, we always say what your status is equal to tip the z equal to minus low T okay this man assigned to telling you that when pressure when Heiko up the pressure always go down right so that minus sign has to show up to balance this equation. So,
Jin-Yi Yu: On the surface area. We have a pressure gradient force, the EP a prior to the total surface area of
Jin-Yi Yu: delta a and we'll put them on a cycle mixture. These things positive and then that, but this is try to push a co op and the publication for try to pull it down in quotation force, of course, is equal to the amount of mass relate to this box and transportation, the amount of mass
Jin-Yi Yu: Is equal to the amount of body and times.
Jin-Yi Yu: My body and paste the density. That's why here.
Jin-Yi Yu: The mass is equal to density times the volume which is high, times the
Jin-Yi Yu: Surface area and I become a volume.
Jin-Yi Yu: So that's how this hydrostatic parents the spirit is that the Bernie or pork project great influence parents by competition for so any
Jin-Yi Yu: air parcel in the sky to have vertical shouldn't change is vertical, but also the because
Jin-Yi Yu: There is no force applied to it. So it's usually a steady up as a new app much for the Motown much ratified by the commotion is always very small
Jin-Yi Yu: So now after we describe these patterns, they will cancel out the on both sides and remove that easy to the right hand side.
Jin-Yi Yu: That back inside. And then, so the whole equation become the pressure change was high is going to be parents. By the way, produced by this air was a density
Jin-Yi Yu: Low. Yeah, so this is the most important equation you need to remember. So in this class.
Jin-Yi Yu: This is probably the only formula you need to remember because very simple EP the z equal to minus though G. OK, so this is called hide or steady patterns. Right. And because of this, if you in the query this whole equation, then you continue go this one.
Jin-Yi Yu: And you find out that
Jin-Yi Yu: The pressure p at any high of z.
Jin-Yi Yu: Its value is equal to surface pressure value 1000 me but for example will decrease with high because it is has a minus sign here in in an exponential way.
Jin-Yi Yu: And that's why explain why our cameras for equal pressure always decrease was high in an exponential way which is the first slide I'll show you here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Why our atmospheric pressure. Always decrease is financial risk. And the answer is because our customers. Very cool.
Jin-Yi Yu: Hours, at most, fear is always in hydrostatic parents. And what does that imply that imply that vertical margin is going to be close to zero.
Jin-Yi Yu: meter per second vertical motion in our atmosphere is very small. And this is a very important concept. Okay, now that's further
Jin-Yi Yu: Us continue this discussion of his hydrostatic balance equation because we need this hydrostatic balanced equation to explain one important phenomenon in our current system. That's why when you came to a mountain.
Jin-Yi Yu: One. A service when you got a very, very high mountain
Jin-Yi Yu: You feel when get stronger and stronger and stronger, you go to all the way to the top of our troposphere, or our stratosphere you fly. We say a prayer.
Jin-Yi Yu: Of course, can I come up a few major wins be we become a very strong, very strong. Okay, why are women wind speed, keep on increased which is high.
Jin-Yi Yu: In the troposphere and the reason coming from this fact height or static
Jin-Yi Yu: Balance. Okay, so this is very, very important concept, not just to describe how prices decrease with high is very important to explain all this energy cycle when psycho psycho.
Jin-Yi Yu: Psycho we experience in our atmosphere. So I'm going to go there. So before I go there. I just say that has a study question. Tell us how quickly.
Jin-Yi Yu: Air pressure with the truck was high. So as general knowledge, the red or which the air project equations high the PTC is equal to his proportion to the density. So that's easy to understand. Now, in order to link our
Jin-Yi Yu: Concept of DP TZ equal to minus bowtie we want to replace density by temperature because we know that warmer air usually has lower density called a has
Jin-Yi Yu: Logic adjusted and when we replace this equation I testify temperature, then you're going to be able to explain why our wind speed getting stronger and stronger.
Jin-Yi Yu: When we go to higher and higher elevation in our sphere. Okay, so that's to this step replaced the hydro study equation replace the density by
Jin-Yi Yu: Temperature. So in order to that. So right now we have DP. The z equals minus low she will try to do something with density. So remember,
Jin-Yi Yu: Can be scientists are atmospheric scientists, we do not like to feel, who is density. Density is a very difficult
Jin-Yi Yu: bearable to handle. So you will find out in meteorology application weather forecasting a lot of technique has been developed. Try to replace
Jin-Yi Yu: Those the buy something, you are all try to avoid using we study, for example, something called virtual temperature. We don't want to deal with.
Jin-Yi Yu: Thanks, T. So we create a community, the temperature called virtual temperature. That's not a real tech temperature is consider how much
Jin-Yi Yu: Water vapor, you have in the air and that the more more water vapor in the air, the lower the density of that a
Jin-Yi Yu: So, and then, in order to refract are fact fact you create something like this. So we if you are 2001 to dealing with density because the chain to break a lot you know atmosphere because is compressible.
Jin-Yi Yu: There's the, you know, is easy to easier to handle. Because density of water doesn't change very much.
Jin-Yi Yu: Right. So there's water is not compressible. So physical oceanography when they handle density. That's not the issue. But
Jin-Yi Yu: atmospheric scientists cannot handle density, that's a big problem is a head a problem. So you want to replace density by something else. And the one we can use is called idea castle right everybody know that
Jin-Yi Yu: And so here, these three point. I just want to clean up a few concerns. So you also heard about equation of state and you also heard about idea castle. So what's the relationship
Jin-Yi Yu: Idea case law is the equation of steak steak for all the air. Okay, so this is the relationship between these two terminology. So equation upstate disquiet a relationship among pressure
Jin-Yi Yu: Temperature intensity for any material, not just for air. Okay, any equation that can feel a relationship among
Jin-Yi Yu: Pressure, temperature intensity is called equation of state and we find out that all gas are fun to follow a process me the same equation of state, which is called P equals zero RT. So this is the equation of state for all air.
Jin-Yi Yu: In this equation or stay for all his core idea cancel. Okay. I want you to
Jin-Yi Yu: Understand the relationship between these two terminology. So basically we not already a chemistry course gases will follow this relationship.
Jin-Yi Yu: When we say all means we can consider access to follow this equation by cell.
Jin-Yi Yu: Nitrogen and follow this equation by yourself or you we consider the air as a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor. They also combine it together and you follow this equation or state.
Jin-Yi Yu: Then what's the difference is this or when you apply this idea guest or two different gases, then the cast comes them in this equation has to change its value depends on which gets you are considering. Okay.
Jin-Yi Yu: And that's why I put somewhere here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Or I didn't put here please refresh here.
Jin-Yi Yu: We can cast comes down for any air is equal to a universal comes to a variety of guest comes to divide by the molecular weight or blood. As you can see that okay so this constant divided by molecule as a surgeon, or become the
Jin-Yi Yu: The test constant for oxygen in this constant value divided by the molecular weight of nitrogen I become an air come case comes to for nitrogen and you're going to use that value into this equation here.
Jin-Yi Yu: So this is not a key part this pie, just to clean up your mind case you in the future career of your research. You need to understand the difference between what what is guest comes to
Jin-Yi Yu: Know that
Jin-Yi Yu: Jerry was asking if
Jin-Yi Yu: If we have, if we consider
Jin-Yi Yu: If we can. I'm guessing you are asking if we can see the oxygen.
Jin-Yi Yu: Nitrogen every sympathetic in the atmospheric air then this guest comes up or the whole ecommerce on a you know a monster is not
Jin-Yi Yu: Is not a weighted average of the individual cast comes to it is comes the all the gas constant of all air in atmosphere is equal to that guest comes to pass.
Jin-Yi Yu: Divided by the combined weighted average of the air molecules. So we'll be back to do 2% of molecular weight of oxygen past real
Jin-Yi Yu: Point 8% of molecular weight of nitrogen now become we present the molecular weight for our air and then you use this value divided is asked
Jin-Yi Yu: To get this one and this will be 287 so you this number, you probably already know if you're coming from a
Jin-Yi Yu: Chemistry science background, you know, are equal to 287 for our atmospheric a. Okay, so this is the people that do it. Everybody know that I have a partial about a year equal to the
Jin-Yi Yu: Density of that at times the case comes in for a particular kinds, the temperature of the air. Okay, so now we introduce the slides because we now can to tip the z.
Jin-Yi Yu: Equal to minus loyalty and then p equal to zero. RT so thirsty is equal to p divided by RT. Once again, we do not like density because difficult to measure density
Jin-Yi Yu: Temperature is easy can be directly major so I we like to use temperature project instead of density. So we put our density repressed density parties, so I'm this right right hand side you'll become minus p r t times cheap. So if we get EP
Jin-Yi Yu: Easy equal to minus p RT kaisi right and he continued throughout the elevation elevation, which I do not want to go through culture is very simple, but I don't want, I want to caution probably as you go through right now here.
Jin-Yi Yu: So the p the z equal to minus t and low is equal
Jin-Yi Yu: P divided by our team. So Lisa become p divided by half T t. Right. And then here is a piece here. So we move people to the site.
Jin-Yi Yu: We Moody's people inside or p one p two p dizzy equal to
Jin-Yi Yu: Ah, and I would put G here because these together accounts that and then over one over tea. Right. And then you do the equation and then this one become this one become the lock pee pee pee a dizzy and you do in the equation y AMP z equals zero means
Jin-Yi Yu: The bottom of our atmosphere.
Jin-Yi Yu: And also our screen.
Jin-Yi Yu: So you could do that in the equation, the lock P is he from the equal to zero to any certain high above surveys, you are here in that service, the equal to zero and you have pressure. No, no, sorry, I just want to deliver not information. So you are here.
Jin-Yi Yu: In z is zero and they want to find out how much pressure will be this certain z and it is it is a surface. The pressure is equal to PS right
Jin-Yi Yu: And then you want to find a hot pressure is it is hot.
Jin-Yi Yu: Right. So in order to dot your
Jin-Yi Yu: Paddle study equation equal to something that is
Jin-Yi Yu: Or should be
Jin-Yi Yu: Should be here. She's up. She's up here, one over tea. So he to integration from the equal to zero, z certainty and the same thing here, right, and then you're to the to the equation of final P minus P et is high minus p at surveys is equal to
Jin-Yi Yu: The exponential something that I'm seeing I'm having this lock here and then I'll come back to this formula at a daughter in the equation you find out that the
Jin-Yi Yu: Pressure at Southern high P here. See here. It was called P AMP z is equal to surface value.
Jin-Yi Yu: Exponential decrease right because man is he so when you get bigger and bigger this covert become smaller and how fast this project will decrease. It depends on
Jin-Yi Yu: This temperature. Okay, so that's a whole whole thing. We try to say, okay, so all every single trying to tell you, if we look at this equation na P equals p
Jin-Yi Yu: Actually, we can go back to look. Sorry about all these DP the Z because I'm my methodology and then we find out is
Jin-Yi Yu: P over
Jin-Yi Yu: T here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Right. And then we move to the side.
Jin-Yi Yu: So if you have warmer air.
Jin-Yi Yu: It temperature is larger. What happened to this exponential decrease is going to decrease slower. Okay, that's the key thing. So when we get warmer P speaker really side become
Jin-Yi Yu: So if you have warmer temperature
Jin-Yi Yu: Then this
Jin-Yi Yu: Value would become a large, so you need to go. You need to go through a very
Jin-Yi Yu: thick layer before it can decrease pressure to certain height. But if you are temperatures, very small. Right. So these value or become very small and then just
Jin-Yi Yu: Always shot this does your party or a truck very quickly. So that's key comes up with the river. Okay. That's why we call a skill high so here
Jin-Yi Yu: If you do not understand what the skill high means you can forget about, okay, because as I experimental knows who come to the come to the office are yesterday with the site is developed develop creative scale. Hi.
Jin-Yi Yu: Just try to say, okay, I want to know how quickly something change was high, right, the larger scale high means that's, that's something we try to find out. For example, in this case, the pressure is going to decrease, much, much slower.
Jin-Yi Yu: Because you need goes through a very, very large scale height decrease, but you have a skill has very, very small, then that's something we're not present approach is not decrease very quickly.
Jin-Yi Yu: In the vertical direction so scale has used to represent that the characteristic that typical high require for up wearable we consider to decrease or increase
Jin-Yi Yu: in vertical direction as Costco. Hi. So if you do not understand what it means, doesn't matter about you don't need to remember that. So this is I put it here just for you to understand what skill high means. So basically,
Jin-Yi Yu: For most of us, a skill high is not very helpful information in only confuse you. Okay. But if you are study physical climate eerie another visit your physical dynamic textbook in a Pen. Pen skis test book.
Jin-Yi Yu: Full of mud. Mud equation, then they would actually use scale high equipment and pass or this concept to represent certain physical process in telling you what our physical process is happening at a particular high
Jin-Yi Yu: Whole this whole layer of atmosphere of holier of ownership and this hotel or chemistry. So remember, this is
Jin-Yi Yu: This is the completed steps of chemistry, but only this part of
Jin-Yi Yu: must face is influenced by our physical process and then is to physical dynamic derivation. You're telling you that this
Jin-Yi Yu: This physical law, a prior to this high and then proper proper ok so the scale high or equipment. In fact, in the ocean or sky, not a must fear is used. I used to piggyback on is
Jin-Yi Yu: Your favorite fruit dynamic comes up so you do not understand this guy at described here or the next slide described here.
Jin-Yi Yu: You can forget about this is not a key part of title study equation, the key part of your study equation has to be expressed in this life. Right. So now we know that the pressure is decreased was high is going to decrease from his service value in the exponential
Jin-Yi Yu: Way.
Jin-Yi Yu: The Viper Africa, maybe not correctly piece on the pattern right so we know pressure is going to decrease at any high, it's going to decrease fan of service value in an exponential way depends on temperature
Jin-Yi Yu: Not warmer temperature this decrease is going to be slower slower means what the pressure is going to be queries way with high if you have a cold temperature. If he is very small then the part of the equation, a faster way means is going to
Jin-Yi Yu: Decrease in this
Jin-Yi Yu: Be nine
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, so you can see that either. So certain height here.
Jin-Yi Yu: In the case of a is precious scale very high rather here or in the case of be because in South Korea. The project decrease very quickly.
Jin-Yi Yu: So that's the only keep comes up, you need to understand from this equation hydrostatic brilliant and that's where we are going to explain why out we get stronger and stronger when we called atmosphere. So here basically is the same fi guy.
Jin-Yi Yu: Strive to deliver the same concept I just described. Here we are, Korea, but there's these very high. So you have an auto al Qaeda when you go up by this steps, but when you go out in a same
Jin-Yi Yu: Sex in atmosphere. When you are doing in a woman and a molecule is not closely to each other. So test is very low. So a mango ms here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Mass is much larger than a mass completing the same volume of warm a bus comes up right as soon as the pressure
Jin-Yi Yu: Is represent how much are you have. So if we go up from here to talk to hear major depression again. Then we lost all this mess, you know,
Jin-Yi Yu: So the amount of the mess we lost in this coin is much, much more than the amount of Air Max. We lost in this woman, a woman has a similar density. That's why the prices dropped from 1000 on a surface to
Jin-Yi Yu: become financially me, but he that if you go up to the same high with the same service partial 1000 at least one because this is one area where you come to the same high, the pressure is going to be still. For example, 600 me
Jin-Yi Yu: You need to go much higher to produce to travel the pressure by 500 me right. That's why I say what my area is project the quiz recess slower, Lisa.
Jin-Yi Yu: And the call air the project equation we say more quickly. Okay, so why this comes up the important for security now because
Jin-Yi Yu: Where do we see different temperature in the earth at the equator. We have very warm here at Apollo region we have very cold air.
Jin-Yi Yu: Right. So now if we say we have on the surface and equator is 1000 meters and I'm going to surface of North Pole is also 1000 me but but when we go higher and higher. So, it is time you standing here.
Jin-Yi Yu: On a surface here in a surface you measure the pressure at the equator and the pressure at
Jin-Yi Yu: At the polar region. They are post 1000 me back. So here on the surface. If you measure the pressure gradient force. They oughta peach and is zero.
Jin-Yi Yu: There is no pressure quite important. So I'm going to surface you have know when when is equal to zero on a service right then. However, when you go higher and higher. We go higher to this high right you find out what some recall to this high. What does a five kilometer.
Jin-Yi Yu: above the surface, then the price of truck took me by the portal region, but if you told us go to the same high five kilometer.
Jin-Yi Yu: You find out your pressure is still way much bigger than 500 million. Because for me, a decrease is actually more slowly. So Edison. High five me that you find that the equator, the pressure, for example, is 600 money back. So what happened here alone this, but let me clean up this
Jin-Yi Yu: Speaker at the same five kilometer had
Jin-Yi Yu: An Apollo region is 500 NEPA equator is 600 meter.
Jin-Yi Yu: Any stem on this fight calamity surveys, we look at the equator is hype pressure you look to the polarity is a low pressure. So you find up
Jin-Yi Yu: Instead of have a no pressure gradient. Now, when you go higher, you have pressure gradient force equal to 100 million right so we can produce we
Jin-Yi Yu: And when you go even higher. Another five kilometer up the pressure from the drop another 400 number. So at a Pothole region, the project become zero mean back
Jin-Yi Yu: In the equatorial region because we only every five kilometer. We only have 400 megabytes or you can go to 10 kilometer you drop another 400 meters.
Jin-Yi Yu: 200 meters. So at a 10 kilometer above surveys, you look at a polar region, the pressure is your money back, look at a tropical region, the pressure is 200 to me but
Jin-Yi Yu: Now, the president waiting for instead. In fact, in me that we say is 500 is 100 million back pressure defense if you go to 10 kilometer we find our pressure equation difference is become 200 million
Jin-Yi Yu: So if we come into going up, up, up, up. Here you'll find out that the surface.
Jin-Yi Yu: Level become to do more and more and more and more and more sort of pressure gradient
Jin-Yi Yu: The difference between press the pressure difference between Porter region and equatorial region is getting bigger for us is 100 amoeba Nicole has become 200 NEBA because it becomes 300 me
Jin-Yi Yu: Because I have become for him to me by surprise. So the price aquarium for Easter me how strong we need so we realize because of height or static
Jin-Yi Yu: Adams.
Jin-Yi Yu: Press the equator to pull temperature difference or you can say the other way. The high dual stack the editors convert equator to pole temperature difference took to become
Jin-Yi Yu: When speed change with the temperature change in the north, south of Russia, why will become bought into
Jin-Yi Yu: The wind speed change in the high. Okay, so that's why I say the reason our and get stronger and stronger when you call the high in high in the in troposphere is because our equator to Pope temperature are not a second. Okay. So he comes a very important question. If you want to even as
Jin-Yi Yu: We speak we in our atmosphere, you want to make our domestic economy system to have no win at all. How are you going to delay.
Jin-Yi Yu: The. CASEY I'm describing us you're driving a car, you need to know how to operate in order to decide how you want the car to do something for you. You want to break the car stopped the car moving
Jin-Yi Yu: What does that break in our climate system is equator to Pope temperature difference as called dt, the one. Okay, so all the reason that our commerce fear has a motion.
Jin-Yi Yu: Why he produced motion from the field called law point of view, not from the
Jin-Yi Yu: Energy parents point of view, from an energy balance point of view is that you have more energy at the equator and less energy at Apollo region. So you need more energy from one
Jin-Yi Yu: From the equator to poke in order to move energy you need to have motion. This is called a call energy point of view, to describe why we have motion, but from physical law point of view.
Jin-Yi Yu: The reason we have mostly in our atmosphere all come from the fact that temperature difference in north south is going to be translated by hydrostatic balanced to become pressure force.
Jin-Yi Yu: And pressure force is going to try to win. Okay, so this whole, this might have sinking has nothing to lose energy just solely based on the physical and Newton's second law of motion. So everybody got a point. So, and now if you say quiet Lynn.
Jin-Yi Yu: So now we know that frying former United States to Asia.
Jin-Yi Yu: We is always going from Asia to United States right the strong with high in the sky.
Jin-Yi Yu: When we've tried airplane. Yeah, we have very, very strong headwind from west to east. So, this we call Justin. Justin has a toy car is the first. It is a very strong when
Jin-Yi Yu: What is a second carries realistic, you can use to describe a test very strongly now troposphere. It is from west to east
Jin-Yi Yu: OK, so the reason we have very strong one from Brian from Asia to North America, we have Wesley gesturing is coming from to fact first fire is coming is due to the fact that we have
Jin-Yi Yu: Quite we have very strong wind not due to the equator is warmer in our equator is warmer than polar region and the direction of a strong wind is not becoming by
Jin-Yi Yu: Temperature difference between you and the Pope. Anybody know what determine that the Russian or be struggling. So how does that the data is just telling you that
Jin-Yi Yu: Summary answer hydrostatic parents tell you that the US call, you are correct core code or as force. So,
Jin-Yi Yu: But the reason we have a strong when high above the surface. And the reason it go from west to east come from two different reason.
Jin-Yi Yu: The reason is very strong coming from the fact is hydrostatic patterns commodity equator, the temperature difference. So the reason we have strong wind is because equator and poke temperature are na
Jin-Yi Yu: Na, the seven. Okay. And the reason we're going from west to east Eastern east to west this because Earth is rotating from west to east
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, so that's a very important concept. So if you want to do the bio engineering, you want to change the direction of artistry, you have, you can go to, we can actually
Jin-Yi Yu: Actually say around. So if we make
Jin-Yi Yu: Right now equipped as one polarities co
Jin-Yi Yu: If we make equated to become CO and polar region to become one. Then we're going to change the project direction or got plans for fourth
Jin-Yi Yu: Then now we're change out yesterday from west to east Asia or we can change the rationale was no taking Ronaldo take it from west to east
Jin-Yi Yu: If we forced us to rotate it from East West LA can also change the testing direction. Okay, so everything I tried to say is here.
Jin-Yi Yu: They are two reasons to determine why we have tissue and why the directional tissue is the way we look at right now. One is equator to Pope temperature defense and second reason is us.
Jin-Yi Yu: Notation.
Jin-Yi Yu: And also our tool reason to determine how to strip. Okay. I keep I mentioned is because gesture is such an important thing in our crime he says that you need to know if you want to control the history
Jin-Yi Yu: It comes from the root of artistry coming from to fact okay because our equator too low temperature and Madison. And because our earth keep on rotating
Jin-Yi Yu: Instead of motionless. Okay, it will come to this point later so so that's why I'm going to come through this
Jin-Yi Yu: Property by saying that we talk about a temperature represent energy. And that's going to be affected by the chapter match up to the top of our solar energy
Jin-Yi Yu: So energy power our climate by changing the temperature distribution is temperature distribution temperature is not uniform in space is going to
Jin-Yi Yu: Turn on the hydrostatic Perez to convert this temperature. This is an even temperature decision to to become an event price your distribution.
Jin-Yi Yu: When we have uneven project distribution is going to produce price, you're quoting force, then it's going to come on the
Jin-Yi Yu: Second important key pairs Katya stronger, better this year. Sorry about is, is try to win in also occasion.
Jin-Yi Yu: Also tension is going to come in to determine what kind of when it's going to put produced from this pressure greater force.
Jin-Yi Yu: And is when is going to move a warm air from equator. The polka small stop the temperature distribution. That was an even temperature distribution costs by solar energy. And so they keep on going on and on and on and on and on. And that's why our current system can be become a solar power.
Jin-Yi Yu: How can this can be machine can use the solar energy to put to use motion.
Jin-Yi Yu: And the to convey a bell to link this energy promotion is hydrostatic Paris convert temperature distribution to pressure exclusion and to strike a balance Cambodia pressure distribution to the motion when the solution. Okay, that's the philosophy Mabel of this class.
Jin-Yi Yu: Now I only have 10 minutes I'm going to quickly go through that humility. So humility definition is the most amount of humility is amount of water vapor in the air so everybody knows that.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then what's the importance of water vapor, most important, as I say, water vapor make our climbing machine efficient if we have the equator to pose temperature difference
Jin-Yi Yu: We need to produce motion which is appear manifesting first winter storm.
Jin-Yi Yu: Then one winter storm will bring heat this amount of heat, take a cue from equator to Pope, but if we do not have water vapor in our
Jin-Yi Yu: Atmosphere, we still can have winter storm. But when it's done doesn't produce rain for there's no water vapor. Then he still transport he from quarter to Paul, but Amanda he transport by one single stone.
Jin-Yi Yu: When this is going to be much faster then the windows. The same when the storm that was updated with moisture inside the atmosphere. So water vapor change the nature the efficiency of our candy machine. Okay, so it is very important.
Jin-Yi Yu: And our natural resources.
Jin-Yi Yu: And of course the reason is very important. It can be it can change the way our coffee machine operator up to increase the amount of heat transport by the atmosphere is because water vapor edge tool when it is air.
Jin-Yi Yu: Water vapor and the man or the energy carry is much, much more than in the liquid water so we can evaporate.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is different from in the liquid phase. And so, and then most importantly is a water vapor pressure water is scarce face liquid phase and ice phase can all coexist doing the temperature range of our current system so water can convert into different among the three phases to
Jin-Yi Yu: Absorb are released allowed or he during the, the temperature range. Our, our common system so later he is an efficient way to transfer energy global okay that's why it is important. So in this case, I'm not talking about global energy
Jin-Yi Yu: Cycle at do not even talk about water cycle. And I know very little about biogeochemical cycle which general dance class is teaching you.
Jin-Yi Yu: So from an energy point of view. Most important thing to have waterway place because it is make all kinds of machine very efficient. Okay. I want you to remember that.
Jin-Yi Yu: And so you have a concern about evaporation, condensation right and then I'll let you close, what are the most important thing to remember is that on average.
Jin-Yi Yu: Every year we it up evaporate one meter water up and also at the same time every year we participate, we produce one meter or rent or 14 so every right now at the present time, it is one meter water evaporates and you want me to walk perspiration going down. And this is called water.
Jin-Yi Yu: Cycling
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, how this whether or not recycling rate is going to increase or decrease it can become tour by Global Warming or Global Cooling so our Academy changes study, trying to figure out, how is this global water cycling.
Jin-Yi Yu: Going to be affected by and we have global warming is going to have more seconds or less circle more cycling cycling matter because if you have more cycling.
Jin-Yi Yu: Doesn't that means we don't have more weather rainfall event precipitation you read, then that's gonna affect our lives.
Jin-Yi Yu: If we have less water cycle you know article, up and down, become less frequent than we do not observe not frequent rainfall event.
Jin-Yi Yu: So that's going to affect human right now. Okay. But right now, in the present date, the amount of water cycling is one meter water evaporates one meter water pouring into as a precipitation and
Jin-Yi Yu: So then auto vapor can carry a lot of the energy right here I put up it'll heal myself and I remember this number, but I put this number here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Amy.
Jin-Yi Yu: A vibration of one meter water and the Earth's surface is equal to cooling down our service by 83 was per
Jin-Yi Yu: per square meter. Okay. The reason I became to mention this is because when we study global change. We need to know when we
Jin-Yi Yu: Produce our carbon dioxide. How much watts of energy parents pipe per square meter or service is affected by a month or
Jin-Yi Yu: Water covered as we release. So either gradually PR. The concept of the magnitude of energy.
Jin-Yi Yu: A man we are talking about, right. So how is this among matter. Okay, so we're going to do in the next slide because Amanda energy diva to buy some metal to all service at one square meter has 1370 was per meter square. This number is called soda comes
Jin-Yi Yu: And this energy has to be spread out over all surveys and has to be refreshed by
Jin-Yi Yu: Certain service 73 to 70% coverage effective. So, only you know point 7% is absorbing and this amount has to be spread out.
Jin-Yi Yu: I think this is no square here. Sorry. And then it has spread out over this other surveys and the oddest calculation. We're gonna find out amount of energy involved in global energy patterns between Earth.
Jin-Yi Yu: And every square meter or service. I could be wrong but something around 100 something. Something was a meter square. Okay, so that's the total amount any Amy Scott me the
Jin-Yi Yu: Receipt receive it semi receiving so to get a patent. So we'll see water vapor is more effect atheists we watts per square meter masala.
Jin-Yi Yu: Right. So that's the reason I highlight, you know, I'm this number, not to ask you to remember. Just to give you the feel of this concept about how much, how many words per minute square or energy are we talking about in order to consider something is going to
Jin-Yi Yu: greatly influenced our premises or something is not going to be method to archiving okay now competing on water vapor
Jin-Yi Yu: So here, I'm not going to describe qualities that unit use to describe the humility. So, most important, you need to remember is a specific humanity.
Jin-Yi Yu: And relative humidity. Okay, that comes up CP, CP humility telling you here at at a total mess of one kilogram of air mass encoding carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, everything. How many grams of water inside. That's cause CP, CP me. That is the
Jin-Yi Yu: Real amount of water here, but we have in any location you measure at a certain time. Okay. And if we take this CPC bid.
Jin-Yi Yu: Amount of water vapor compare to the saturated the maximum amount of water vapor see theoretically allow by classes capital equation.
Jin-Yi Yu: Then this ratio is called relative humidity. Okay so specific humility is the amount of water, you really have in that location you start
Jin-Yi Yu: less costly city, city may require the humility is that the amount you have compared to the maximum capacity, a lot by classes copper equation.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is the percentage of course, the higher the relative humidity. The closer your water vapor to the maximum man. So it's going to close to condensation to produce
Jin-Yi Yu: Cow for where they meteorology can produce whether corral and room for, for coming. Scientists is going to ready to release date and he
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, so for waiter perspective for the county pass back saturation condensation means to difference in
Jin-Yi Yu: For weather perspective. Whenever conversation happen equal to see cop from practice precipitation and when you have this is going to parties thunderstorm or is whether it be
Jin-Yi Yu: From can be satisfied point up whenever you have condensation immediately you translate that into
Jin-Yi Yu: How many watts energy released in that particular location. Okay, so this is an example of quite a difference between specific and relative
Jin-Yi Yu: Humidity and I'm going to ask you to do to yourself that you have one box has certain amount of water vapor you bring that to
Jin-Yi Yu: To Alaska. The temperature is very, very cold. So the class, a couple of tell you the maximum amount, whatever you can have is only 10 grand per kilogram.
Jin-Yi Yu: But you put a sim packs into Arizona is a very high temperature the cancer, cancer or you are allowed to have so many grams of water vapor. So even for the same
Jin-Yi Yu: Amount of water vapor same specific humility. This past go to Alaska as exactly same submissive humanity as the past code already
Jin-Yi Yu: Arizona, but the rather humidity. For the past in Alaska is 60% but simpatico to Arizona. The relative humidity is only 30% in case you don't understand the concept between sippy sippy and rather keep humanity. Please exercise this one.
Jin-Yi Yu: You can also measure the amount of water vapor in tender, how much pressure you produce. Okay, I'm sorry, I'm going to close soon is an alarm too far behind my schedule.
Jin-Yi Yu: So I can see that the global distribution of water vapor is that uniform because water vapor is convert from liquid water to paper and contains again. So how much water vapor, you have in the atmosphere any location automatically anytime depends on
Jin-Yi Yu: The production through evaporation and remove or water vapor by condensation. So of course, the more you close to the surface source of water hose, you
Jin-Yi Yu: Become more water vapor. That's why water vapor is maximum near the surface get last last class fewer and fewer when you go higher and higher can see when you go to
Jin-Yi Yu: The top of troposphere here 200 amoeba this almost zero water vapor. Okay, so sometimes you have to take the airplane flying the
Jin-Yi Yu: airplane ticket from Los Angeles Airport and you fly to Asia and after they take off to connect going up, etc. That is miles from hundred miles or car and then is you him, but sometimes you see that this
Jin-Yi Yu: This uniform crop up sometimes they have overshooting a lot of additional cloud shooting up up high above. Most of our craft those
Jin-Yi Yu: Most of our cloud is stopped at the top of top of both. But when the connection so strong, this air water vapor can be overshoot.
Jin-Yi Yu: Into right high above trouble pause and these small things here. You observed in the airplane. It is very important Avenue past way to for water vapor to injected into the stratosphere. So he pray a very important of change our global temperature
Jin-Yi Yu: I have to stop here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is same time when we call the higher and higher. So now, can anybody tell me I already explained why water vapor among is higher near the surface and decrease with high now please explain to me.
Jin-Yi Yu: This is because near the surface across the ocean verify the water vapor. A month decrease from equator put up higher on it. What is the reason
Jin-Yi Yu: You ask why water vapor MP is always Smarter Than a and I say, or as close to source of water ocean surface.
Jin-Yi Yu: Be is higher pop service. So all the water vapor call radical powers are ready for people. I reached stratosphere. But how can we have ocean anywhere from the equator to the North Pole, Equator southpaw, how can we automate a man we observed
Jin-Yi Yu: Still decrease from equator to reject what is a factor anybody
Jin-Yi Yu: Because of temperature, right, the higher the temperature, the cause of crap around allow you to hold my water vapor. We go find quarter the polarization temperature colder and colder the classical opera rock name it.
Jin-Yi Yu: How much of a pain, you're going to have. That's why in real war is the distribution decreases with her. I'm sorry. I was kind of
Jin-Yi Yu: Slow on this, but I still want to introduce this concept of the speaker.
Jin-Yi Yu: This cast calm equation because they give you a baby very important concept at times when you're thinking about water vapor in colonization, because as a saturation. As I said well water.
Jin-Yi Yu: Baby any air. We were in such a reach saturation for climate scientists now means a lot of heat calories. So as a common side is we want to know.
Jin-Yi Yu: In any situation, any location, whether or not it can reach saturation
Jin-Yi Yu: In order to understand from a philosophy point of view how water vapor can bear can reach saturation. We have to study these people from point A to point B from point A to point C and active with different fiscal mean I'll continue on Tuesday next Tuesday. Okay. And let me stop here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Again, the homeowner still next Monday. If you haven't submitted homework, you still have to pay to walk on that and on Tuesday. I'll continue finish up this
Jin-Yi Yu: First lecture and then go to our global energy last time we're going to turn on solar power and we're going to see discuss how our current system as a whole.
Jin-Yi Yu: How can we receive. How is the, how is the concept that can be. Hey, to receive this energy. And then the second part or activities, you need to move. You're sinking.
Jin-Yi Yu: Sinking the whole the Communists one point to become as a three dimensional distribution. So after 20 can absorb it.
Jin-Yi Yu: The sword, and you can absorb into our current system. How does it teach this competition in a vertical and horizontal direction past the two key information we have learned from the next lecture, I'll stop here. Any other question.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay then. Thank you very much for everybody, or the someone is a channel me read it. Okay, great. Thank you very much. Bye everybody. Bye.