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WEATHER |
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The daily fluctuations in atmospheric
conditions. |
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The atmosphere on its own can produce weather. |
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CLIMATE |
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The long-term average of the daily variation. |
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For climate to fluctuate, the atmosphere has to
interact with the land, ocean, and ice underneath it. |
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Temperature differences between the equator and
poles |
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The rate of rotation of the Earth. |
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Cyclogenesis |
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Mature
Cyclone |
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Occlusion |
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Mid-latitude weather systems are steered around by the jet
stream (the strong westerly winds in the upper troposphere). |
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Therefore, the jet streams are also referred as the “storm
tracks”. |
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The
equator-to-pole temperature difference is larger during winter than summer |
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èWeather is “wilder” in winter than summer. |
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The hurricane is characterized by a strong
thermally direct circulation with the rising of warm air near the center of
the storm and the sinking of cooler air outside. |
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Hurricanes: extreme tropical storms over
Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans. |
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Typhoons: extreme tropical storms over western
Pacific Ocean. |
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Cyclones: extreme tropical storms over Indian
Ocean and Australia. |
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Climatological
Forecasts |
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“It
usually rains at this time of the year” |
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Persistent
Forecasts |
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“Since it rains today, it will probably rain again tomorrow”. |
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Numerical
Weather Forecasting |
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Use
computers to solve a set of mathematic equations that govern the motion of
the atmosphere. |
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Observations (Ground Networks and Satellites) |
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Analysis
(Weather Maps) |
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Computer
Models |
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Notes