Jin-Yi Yu: So we're going to talk about the second chapter two, which talk about the wiki Roger theological measurement. In this chapter we basically going to talk about
Jin-Yi Yu: Two things. So this is more like a brief introduction about the mythological measurement
Jin-Yi Yu: And the first part of these chapters to describe how meteorologist come back the measurement of the autonomous vehicle property near the surface.
Jin-Yi Yu: And the second highest talk about the measurement in the in the vertical direction and then and we are going to briefly talk about
Jin-Yi Yu: Two important measurement technology. One is the radar and the other is Saturday. So, here let me quickly describe why we need to discuss these fulcrum for component
Jin-Yi Yu: The first is service measurements because human being, deep under the surface. So these important to know what's going on for you.
Jin-Yi Yu: About the atmosphere. Nina surface and because the change of the property near the surface going to affect our live in a second part, the vertical structure of the Bahamas me why it is important for the meteorologists
Jin-Yi Yu: For weather forecasting weather for Genesis and the reason is because for a lot of for our mythological for our system. How do you want us to include called evolve or change in time has a lot to ease is a vertical structure. And let's take the winter storm as an example.
Jin-Yi Yu: So when we have a winter storm that means we have a low pressure system, the others. We have a low pressure system and these know the winter storm system. Usually when we have low pressure near the surface. Then if we go higher in the in the atmosphere, for example, from
Jin-Yi Yu: From the other surface.
Jin-Yi Yu: To. For example, one kilometer two kilometers three kilometer all away to near the tropopause 10 kilometer and we typically will find our IDs, no pressure system tend to have this is very cool, very cool structured field.
Jin-Yi Yu: Was what that means when we look at the example 200 minibar over a seven location we find out a low pressure system.
Jin-Yi Yu: A 20 adult two kilometer is Tilton once was. And then what we call for example five kilometer and we look at where I'm at, at the five kilometer, we notice that is no pressure station will continue to build to the west, and we've had in this westward tilting of
Jin-Yi Yu: The future payroll process system is very important for this low pressure system now winter storm to continue to intensify so if we find out from the verticals measurement of the
Jin-Yi Yu: Atmosphere property. Will you notice that a legal or the winter storm. The, the low pressure has a West or working, then we can
Jin-Yi Yu: Forecast or predict that is when the sun will continue to intensify in the coming few hours or a few days. And after that, but we realize that when these know West what you're eating gradually
Jin-Yi Yu: Reduce so when when I stopped intensifying as well. We'll find out east west or 30 will become smaller and smaller, and to a point that these low pressure system deepen high will align to each other.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then when this kind of such a political structure happening. We know that this when the storm is going to die.
Jin-Yi Yu: So by knowing how the body construct your PMS utter misery probably look like is very important for us to do the weather forecasting and the other example why it is very cold major, major important is in order.
Jin-Yi Yu: How these wind change which high in one particular location is also very important way to to forecast whether or not we're going to have
Jin-Yi Yu: The center stoner must be stable. Stable and how strong with this summer's the thunderstorm is going to be so in these medical measurement is called it the real Winston.
Jin-Yi Yu: In rate is a technique that allow us to do a measurement of precipitation
Jin-Yi Yu: Around some particular location we serve very detailed three dimensional structure. So, this technique is very important and satellite is important measurement technologies because he
Jin-Yi Yu: Allow us to do the measurement even over the surface ocean because traditionally we can only do the the mythological measurement over area where human being can be for a long time and we can set up a station, but
Jin-Yi Yu: A lot to set up our first surface is occupied by ocean. So we cannot have a human being who can I send a human being.
Jin-Yi Yu: To ocean surface for long long time to duty continue measurement or but the most critical property and this limitation of the mythological management was
Jin-Yi Yu: Always overcome when we begin to have this satellite that can measure the utter mess with property everywhere on the earth from the space. So that's why we need to discuss this technique briefly.
Jin-Yi Yu: So basically the meteorology us to a major technique to do the weather forecasting. One is we need to analyze the atmospheric of property over space and time.
Jin-Yi Yu: And so we need to first do the mythological measure measurement and the other technique Meteor meteorology us to do weather forecasting is use the computer to
Jin-Yi Yu: To solve the most money question not control the change of autonomous vehicle property, including his temperature when we tied in this
Jin-Yi Yu: Using a computer model to solve the most medically question control the autonomous vehicle property is called numerical modeling. So you can you ask
Jin-Yi Yu: computer model to do the weather forecasting or you can meet your eyes. You can use their own high to analyze this when I'm at
Jin-Yi Yu: Compile all these meteorology measurement information at all today what a fact of what I forecasting. So that's important, why we need to first understand how meteorology doing these
Jin-Yi Yu: Mythological measurement. That's why this chapter, trying to do. So when meteorology.
Jin-Yi Yu: May God mastery property over a lot of over a large area of the Earth's surface, and at the same time compile all these measurements together and put onto a map and this kind of activity and the way the science, science involved in this and an NSF of these
Jin-Yi Yu: meteorology measurement is called sin upscale synaptic meteorology and synaptic means more or less.
Jin-Yi Yu: Reason, meaning that is overview. So we take a Snapshot for overview of the autonomous vehicle property they can add a different location at the same time so we can have
Jin-Yi Yu: Synchronize and overview of the atmosphere property and then we construct all these as a as a vacation at on a map. And this is called synaptic synaptic meteorology.
Jin-Yi Yu: So meteorologists caught a measurement synaptic in a study using those
Jin-Yi Yu: Measurement is called synaptic meteorology.
Jin-Yi Yu: In here, this slide tell you that all these key device that meteorologist they've up over ears to measure a competitor property humidity and when
Jin-Yi Yu: Of our customers, fear, for example, the summer meter was invented in 1960 is always inventing 1600 to measure the temperature parameter was invented in
Jin-Yi Yu: 1640 to measure the pressure and nanometer was also invented in 1662 major when in high Tomita was invented in 1700 to measure the humanity and then it is wait until
Jin-Yi Yu: 1854 that who, after the telegraph technology was invented, then we are able to collect the meteorology measurement over different parts of war and it put it together in a central location and to construct the
Jin-Yi Yu: First, what I meant. So only only after these 10 O'clock technology was invented, so
Jin-Yi Yu: meteorology at different part of work and send their measurement to a central location at the same time to construct the the weathermen and these railing sound technology which will use to measure the vertical structure of atmosphere property was invented in 1930s.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then
Jin-Yi Yu: Then allow us to do the routine operate our information.
Jin-Yi Yu: In the radar was invented in 1940 during World War Two, which allow us begin to map in the street in three dimensional structure of the precipitation and perspiration is is a key part of our whether phenomena. So this technique.
Jin-Yi Yu: Allow us to give a very detailed discussion about the room for discussion surrounding us in the 1950s, we begin to have computer. And that's the time we begin to
Jin-Yi Yu: Able to do the weather forecasting using the computer actually weather forecasting or as always is always the key application or computer. So the computer computer computer
Jin-Yi Yu: Technology actually after we have a new computers technique. For example, the faster and faster computer or the so called a parallel computing the one of the first application or last technology was to do the weather forecasting.
Jin-Yi Yu: In 1960 we began to have satellite. So to allow us to Tori meteorology manager mythological measurement even over the ocean surface so
Jin-Yi Yu: Beginning from 1960 meteorology was able to do the worldwide coverage of meteorological measurement in the 1990s we began to a personal computer and not allow the weather forecasting to become even more powerful.
Jin-Yi Yu: And one technology developing after we have this personal become power more powerful personal computer is that
Jin-Yi Yu: Is a parallel computing. So in a past the window forecasting was conducted using one single supercomputer and after in
Jin-Yi Yu: After we enter the near the end of 20 century in the, in the beginning of the 21st century. Now we can use more interesting one. We can 1000 or 2000 or even 10,000 of this personal computer and linked together to to the powerful computer
Jin-Yi Yu: Powerful computing and that allowed he will make the weather forecasting become even more powerful.
Jin-Yi Yu: And internet of course then allow the weather forecasting and what Genesis information to be able to send to reach more people in the world.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay. So as we described from the, this, this, we realize that one important component of meteorological measurement or the construction where America is that all these measurement has to be taken simultaneously among different part of the war. And all that means. Otherwise, we don't know.
Jin-Yi Yu: But in order to measure that we can construct where I'm at, because the meteor master a property that meteorology major a different part of the war has to be the same atmosphere at the same time. So that's why
Jin-Yi Yu: One key component of this or meteorological measurement is that or is measurement, the observation of these mythological measure
Jin-Yi Yu: The time we do this measurement has to be exactly the same.
Jin-Yi Yu: So already we need to call the audience and meteorological measure, measure, measure that
Jin-Yi Yu: With Raj it from Pardo are doing the measurement and the exactly same time so we can report the atmosphere property at a particular same time. So whether organizations who are OR use coordinated effort and they they use a
Jin-Yi Yu: universal mind coordinated coordinate as the reference clock for weather measurement. So meteorologists everywhere. Know that may need to do the measurement add certain UTC time universal but
Jin-Yi Yu: Holding a time
Jin-Yi Yu: And these UTC time is can also sometimes refer us the GMT, which is abbreviation for Greenwich Meridian no time because these
Jin-Yi Yu: Measurements that meteorologist, the word Miraj ME OR operation us is the local time at the Greenwich at UK so this observation I usually we call that
Jin-Yi Yu: Reference observation time observational time either UTC or US G empty because the local time in Greenwich or somehow we call it
Jin-Yi Yu: Zero time Z. Okay, so you can see this this three abbreviation very often on the weather map because that, what am I will typically will tell you that this, what am I
Jin-Yi Yu: Over the United States was taking it for example 00 Z now means midnight at Greenwich or 12 Z. That means it is the the 12pm local time at a Greenwich in UK or and this
Jin-Yi Yu: Tells he can can be sometimes called is the same as tell GMT or us
Jin-Yi Yu: The tell hundred UTC so
Jin-Yi Yu: UTC is equal is the same as 12 Z is the same as well. She empty and then the other typical time we do the measurement of what a property is at the zenith mean I have local time UTC and as equal to zero, z or zero G. M. P.
Jin-Yi Yu: So now we already created.
Jin-Yi Yu: Coordinate crying. So everybody in the voice using this refers time in the US, the local time in Greenwich as a reference time. So the to the to the measurement is a certain type of these rappers time
Jin-Yi Yu: And typically, the same upscale observation traditionally is taken every six hour or every three hours depends on the which part of what we are talking about. So most of the times, we're going to describe data, the surface preservation
Jin-Yi Yu: How constructed usually three hours in vertical structure medical observation.
Jin-Yi Yu: Or we call the room when Sam is usually taken every 12 hours because it takes more time human tie and then also is more expensive to do this Robinson, so we only do it every hour.
Jin-Yi Yu: So now.
Jin-Yi Yu: in meteorology every boy or girl or need to be able to link their local time to this universal kindly GMT time or the UTC time
Jin-Yi Yu: And this link linkages can be expressed by this
Jin-Yi Yu: So basically the local time in anywhere in the world should be one hour earlier.
Jin-Yi Yu: For every 15 degree abroad. Matthew west of Greenwich
Jin-Yi Yu: In a basic I for example the Terracotta in Los Angeles. If we know that the lumber new information of this whereas station, for example in Los Angeles is 180 degrees west.
Jin-Yi Yu: To the Greenwich
Jin-Yi Yu: Right, so you take
Jin-Yi Yu: Divide by 15 which is close to eight. So the local time in Los Angeles is a hour earlier than this local time when which. So based on this information. We know how to
Jin-Yi Yu: Link the local time either follow whereas station to the UTC time. So here is more easy way to understand this linkage between the bow tie. And this universal UTC time so UTC time is defined based on local time.
Jin-Yi Yu: In in UK
Jin-Yi Yu: Here.
Jin-Yi Yu: So, for example, Los Angeles is here. So we have to put a west of this Greenwich, right. So our local time is
Jin-Yi Yu: Earlier 30 means that when Greenwich already at, for example, September 25 of
Jin-Yi Yu: The local high in Los Angeles is still in September 24 is still earlier than September 25 and how much earlier. How many hours earlier, we said eight hours. Right. And this because the
Jin-Yi Yu: Los Angeles is located, for example, is in this is a view is 115 degree to 15 degrees 345678 about 815 degrees to the west. So every 15 degree we grow Kota is one hour earlier than Greenwich Time, and that's why
Jin-Yi Yu: We can use the long view information or anywhere else station and to find out how his local client can be linked to the
Jin-Yi Yu: To the
Jin-Yi Yu: Dakota in Greenwich, right. So when we call more was always the case. Earlier in Greenwich earlier in Greenwich earlier, including which but when we reach the international pain. I hear is international day night.
Jin-Yi Yu: Then we need to have a chunk of the day. So this is the International Tina in the state change from sample sample.
Jin-Yi Yu: After passing these quantities is one day when they later then the rest of the time.
Jin-Yi Yu: And why we do what we say everyone 15 degree will change over time by one hour. And that's because the total
Jin-Yi Yu: The whole, the first notated
Jin-Yi Yu: 24 hour
Jin-Yi Yu: To a day until one day the Earth rotates 360 degree. Right. So everyone out the window about 15 degree.
Jin-Yi Yu: And this is why reading every 15 degree, the Dakota will or will change by one hours.
Jin-Yi Yu: And so based on this information, the
Jin-Yi Yu: Lakota in the east in the position title mom United States at Los Angeles is local time is equal to, etc. Turning minus eight hours. So what we need legal Nora, for example, we know that we need, we need to re measurement
Jin-Yi Yu: He tells he means non tie the Dakota in Greenwich then for meteorology in the west coast of the United States in Los Angeles. Then he know that he or she knows that he needs to do the measurement at
Jin-Yi Yu: At about 4am on that same day to be
Jin-Yi Yu: A hours earlier. Yeah.
Jin-Yi Yu: So this is the give you the information about our local time in four different kinds on United State relate to the UTC time
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, now let's quickly describe how meteorologist did the surface measurement and the this they already in the past or this measurement at the weather station was conducted by a human being so nice to meet you, Roger nice come out from there. When a station and CO to open
Jin-Yi Yu: Area to do the measurement. But now this day, we use the automatic system to do the measurement and this automatic surface measurement system is called a SOS or a topic always so these two commodity actually referred to me the same thing. So, A. S. O. S means automatic surface.
Jin-Yi Yu: Observing System or we call
Jin-Yi Yu: Automatic whether
Jin-Yi Yu: Observing System and this tool technology SMC and then why we have to deepen turn and because the meteorologist
Jin-Yi Yu: Of course know all the measurements every day to weather and that's why they call automatic surface has a word observing system.
Jin-Yi Yu: And this AWS or as is used by the aviation community because they try to refer this measurement is automatic whether observing system. And so I have these two
Jin-Yi Yu: Different terminology for the same thing. So Lisa automatic observing system have now used to make standard measurement of autonomous vehicle property at most location in North America.
Jin-Yi Yu: And because now we are using the automatic system so we don't need to require human being to come out and do the measurement. So we can do this measurement
Jin-Yi Yu: Every hour. So in the past is every three hours. Now the this automatic system allow the weather observing no measurement can be reported out in the North America.
Jin-Yi Yu: And in the rest of the world this service management was report every three hours in a car is a sentence review our UTC time not any to y'all.
Jin-Yi Yu: Everywhere in order to have to report their service measurement that a zero UTC zero Greenwich Time 3pm Greenwich Time 6am Greenwich Time, and I am known tie and and the CPM. And so, those, those are typical UTC kind of the service.
Jin-Yi Yu: Measurement needs to be reported.
Jin-Yi Yu: So now this is how this
Jin-Yi Yu: Surface activation system look like. So inch of this device are
Jin-Yi Yu: Responsible to do a particular measurement. For example, this one is the wind tower which we measure the wind speed and
Jin-Yi Yu: And the wind direction and this one here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is used to
Jin-Yi Yu: Measure the visibility in the sky. And so the detail how each other device.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is doing for the mythological measurement. You can go find out this information online. So because we don't need to explain that. So basically the audience service measurement system they
Jin-Yi Yu: They have a rain sensor to measure the precipitation. They have a temperature sensor to find out a temperature. They have a DuPont temperature sensor which is quite last time as a week daddy DuPont images us as a unit for
Jin-Yi Yu: Moisture humidity in the atmosphere and of course you can measure the pressure
Jin-Yi Yu: So, Major, the temperature is one major precipitation
Jin-Yi Yu: And we also
Jin-Yi Yu: Need to find out a win.
Jin-Yi Yu: And he also
Jin-Yi Yu: Major the sky condition the visibility, the height or cloud oriskany information and they are more of more than just those
Jin-Yi Yu: Device. I mentioned here. Those are just mentioned here as an example. And after all this information collected by all these different device on these
Jin-Yi Yu: Automatic surface activation system, then the system will automatically send out his measurement
Jin-Yi Yu: To a central location to report, for example, cow high among visibility precipitation time intensity accumulation obstruction to vision see their blood pressure automated setting and temperature and more and more information.
Jin-Yi Yu: So after a TV station, for example, over the, the North America that was indicated by a white top report the
Jin-Yi Yu: The local at the most radical property, then we can construct combine all these
Jin-Yi Yu: Local information together to do a weatherman so we know where a low pressure high pressure located where the warm a warm warm or cold temperature are located and this map tell you that the distribution of the surface weather station in the over the United States.
Jin-Yi Yu: So you can see that's quite a lot of the the station everywhere.
Jin-Yi Yu: And now let's try to explain what can be putting out use an example to to show that why this service measurement can be very useful for weather and SS. Yeah. So traditionally inside
Jin-Yi Yu: Individual weather station before we have this automatic measurement system we have this
Jin-Yi Yu: Device inside a station near the station to report, for example, pressure here, right. So we have a
Jin-Yi Yu: Parameter here.
Jin-Yi Yu: And pay some
Jin-Yi Yu: Place on the weight that it must will produce
Jin-Yi Yu: And that we will push out into this
Jin-Yi Yu: vacuum chamber and to connect to a
Jin-Yi Yu: Point that indicate to the different value of the of the pressure, we can use this device and this device will
Jin-Yi Yu: Connect to a pen and a pen will continue to join go up and down, up and down, and we'll have this city paper rotated slowly 24 hours it rotated by one page and then so after 24 hour measurement we will have this piece of paper and we open this a piece of paper.
Jin-Yi Yu: You will become
Jin-Yi Yu: Corrupt
Jin-Yi Yu: A tenure shape and uncoupled is not clear, ship it will show how the pressure go up and down, up and down over a 20 past 24 hours. And so basically, for example, this
Jin-Yi Yu: Parameter will continue to record your precious time and this is basically what is the local weather station can do even at
Jin-Yi Yu: The symbolism. Today we use these automatic system. And basically, you will produce a record of the change at a mastery property during the past 24 hours.
Jin-Yi Yu: And this record of the local changing our commencement property is called a meteor crash. Okay, so this is
Jin-Yi Yu: One key part of this chapter, we need to find out what can we learn from the submitter program and what can we do, is the meteor plan to do the, the basic the basic where the genesis okay here. Let's look at this particular example.
Jin-Yi Yu: So this is a candy for me to cram for winter day in Buffalo, New York. So here you can see that the
Jin-Yi Yu: Here or this number means that UTC time. That's the local tie in Greenwich UK and so we can see how here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is 30 UTC
Jin-Yi Yu: 21 UTC time either UTC. We can see this is about as an inspiring somewhere. So this is in Buffalo, New York, right. So let's go back to our local time here.
Jin-Yi Yu: So that's Eastern Time.
Jin-Yi Yu: Eastern time, the local time, a buffalo.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is you equal to the UTC time minus five hour right and then that local time, we look here in this Meteor Graham.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is 20 beginning from panting.
Jin-Yi Yu: So the local high a powerful 20 minus five is equal to 15 so these Meteor Chrome
Jin-Yi Yu: We look at here.
Jin-Yi Yu: He became from zero 20 UTC which equal to Dakota is 15 hour 15 which means 3pm. Okay, so these media crime.
Jin-Yi Yu: Begin from 3pm local time in Buffalo, New York. So how can how do we know this is this 3pm Dakota is correct. Look at this mediocre, it will report.
Jin-Yi Yu: How temperature and DuPont temperature change in the past 24 hours, you can see that this this thick black nine is a temperature
Jin-Yi Yu: So we can see that in the past 24 hour the temperature, beginning from here is very high and it becomes a Decrease. Decrease. Decrease. Decrease. Decrease degree become very know and then will increase again. Right.
Jin-Yi Yu: And these very high temperature exactly happened in the late afternoon. So that's why we know that CPM is correct, right, because this is in the CPM reach
Jin-Yi Yu: The maximum during the day and then after some luxury condo down and and the temperature. Decrease. Decrease. Decrease. Decrease. Let's see here.
Jin-Yi Yu: So this is 3pm 4pm 5678 910 1112 midnight.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then 1am 2am 34567 7am, for example, and civilian can see that happen. The sun sunrise right then the local temperature began to increase right so we know that this local time.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is reflected in this temperature information and the now that's in this them. So this is temperature and this thing nine is a two point temperature
Jin-Yi Yu: Temperature as as we explained last week we present the humidity information. So when DuPont images, very low in the 3pm. We know that. I mean after know in Buffalo, New York, the
Jin-Yi Yu: Moisture is very low in the local occasion and then suddenly up the One hour later, we see that humility, increase, increase, and then the DuPont temperature is so close to the temperature
Jin-Yi Yu: That means the DuPont air temperature, tell us that the moisture in Buffalo, New York at a particular day
Jin-Yi Yu: Has a lot of moisture in this temperature is very close to the local temperature DuPont image of means that the water vapor Buffalo, New York has a that they will
Jin-Yi Yu: Become began to reach saturation began to contains at this point amateur and we see that the local temperature T is very close to these two points amateur. So, but because this tonight become very close to each other. So we know that during this time period kind the
Jin-Yi Yu: Buffalo, New York, his diaries already produced precipitation because his temperature and important vecher are very close to each other and then we see that the humility drop again so DuPont temperature became to deviate from this doc or temperature
Jin-Yi Yu: Right and so as
Though
Jin-Yi Yu: No, no, yes. Relative humidity is is is slightly decreased and then beginning far this time.
Jin-Yi Yu: 11 UTC time on the other morning we see that the temperature that seemed like again approach to the temperature. So, this is the second time, we know that the raw data community is very high in Buffalo, New York. So based on this NSA space and
Jin-Yi Yu: How close these stupid temperature is to the temperature, we know that during this 24 hour period of these Meteor prime you prefer, New York.
Jin-Yi Yu: There are two period of time that Buffalo, New York is going to have allowed or rather him with is very high and may have a lot of precipitation. And if you look at this weather.
Jin-Yi Yu: Condition not reported by this immediate crime. Here the winter conditioning is reported here. If there is a rainfall or snow, they will have an ISA start simple represent the snow and the Saudi top report the rain.
Jin-Yi Yu: So in this example, we know that the Buffalo, New York, in this day has snow happening and we notice that this know
Jin-Yi Yu: Will become from to start to three star to star means mother a two star means light that's no and then three star means the
Jin-Yi Yu: Mother race. So now, and the force that means heavy snow. So you can see that when we approach into this period of time.
Jin-Yi Yu: When the temperature, the temperature close to each other. We became a two star, three star to star. So around rain for and then during the other
Jin-Yi Yu: Period when these stupid temperature. Temperature cross located
Jin-Yi Yu: close to each other. Again, we can see that the snow also became too heavy again so consistent with what we learn from this temperature and to temperature nine
Jin-Yi Yu: We know that in Buffalo, New York, in that particular day, it has two episodes of a snow heavy snow during that day.
Jin-Yi Yu: And we can see that the snapback report by this automatic system also tells us that Eunice period. And during this period. There's a lot of the types of snow is it become very high
Jin-Yi Yu: And also during this period, we can see that visibility report by whereas station during the first period is going to drop to close to zero.
Jin-Yi Yu: That's coming up this map. So this first. Period. Second P for episode of The heaviest now you can see that during those periods of visibility decrease
Jin-Yi Yu: To zero visibility to decrease to zero. And we also know that the wind direction and this state, whereas there's a Buffalo, New York is because he that one is from the south, south and then we can change to from
Jin-Yi Yu: The West West West West and then change again to the farmer south, south so you can see that it is when direction change usually indicate that is warm
Jin-Yi Yu: Or cold front house in Sudan location. So by showing these the change of the wind direction is also very important for us to decide whether or not
Jin-Yi Yu: Even these tie and this time we have Franco system passing students are particular whereas station and we also see that the during these two
Jin-Yi Yu: Period or heavy weather be how they bought a cow based drop. And he also the copies job.
Jin-Yi Yu: And now the lastly this middle grab also tell us that
Jin-Yi Yu: Beginning France 3pm.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is what a station. The pressure continue to Decrease. Decrease. Decrease from 1006 minibar industry PM to
Jin-Yi Yu: 1000 me back the next day. So this one, tell us that this weather station here.
Jin-Yi Yu: His approach by low pressure system and he stole prices system has very low as low pressure, for example.
Jin-Yi Yu: When Santa Monica. So that's why when these go moving closer and closer. Then we'll see that
Jin-Yi Yu: The pressure here. These workstation will continue to decrease the degree. Okay, so by analyzing these implementation.
Jin-Yi Yu: Mastery property information automatically property during the pastor of our on this media program. We got the impression that this is what a station is approach by a low pressure system and novel process system.
Jin-Yi Yu: Will produce episodes of heavy weather and snow every single in the visibility decrease during these two period of time and the wind direction change during
Jin-Yi Yu: This time period high and the cow face also truck during this period of time. So is this is a bad weather day for this particular this particular example.
Jin-Yi Yu: And this is what I explained here. So the release to period high temperature and DuPont temperature close to each other and they produce.
Jin-Yi Yu: A room for a mother earth or heavy snow and mother is no and it has a low visibility and theories to period of interaction change. And then also copies drop. And then there's the two pair of snow event in this is
Jin-Yi Yu: Now let's look at discuss the the rain. Sam, which is the technique we use to measure the vertical structure of atmosphere for the mathematical property.
Jin-Yi Yu: So as I mentioned at the beginning to understand the weather system, the measurement are required throughout attempts of the troposphere.
Jin-Yi Yu: And even into the gold stratosphere and this as I explained at the beginning of this lecture that is because the vertical structure.
Jin-Yi Yu: Of what a system usually is a good indication about what it's going to happen to restore the system. That's why we need to building vertical measurement and
Jin-Yi Yu: This medical measurements is conducted using the 01 song and Robinson is designed for his purpose and what is around one song. So basically, as we show in this picture.
Jin-Yi Yu: Around when some is a balloon Pong instruments that measure pressure, temperature DuPont temperature when the Russian and speed so major always TP to win high temperature
Jin-Yi Yu: Pressure
Jin-Yi Yu: Humidity as DuPont imagine when
Jin-Yi Yu: So our attempts of the atmosphere. And this is how we were Winston station look like. So you need to have a tower which allow you for lunch. These people people in this room will
Jin-Yi Yu: Rise in the sky. And then on the pattern at the end of this problem. The couple room is connect
Jin-Yi Yu: To instrument and Instagram has a pair of shoes. So when this balloon go up, up, up in the sky and become pika, pika and enrich the upper troposphere or low stratosphere. The room or
Jin-Yi Yu: Will blow up. And then this panel to the instrumental or fail timeliness or soda thermosphere and a pair of shoes were open and try to
Jin-Yi Yu: Kind of make this instrument become reusable again in it for the data time
Jin-Yi Yu: So here, this slide show. You were already rolling Holly Robinson station are located Swati North America. As you can see that broken South Station.
Jin-Yi Yu: The density of ruins on stage. She is much lower than that, it says the pieces service where the station is a service weather station opening a nice day. Hey, this is the
Jin-Yi Yu: Rewards on station is because it's more expensive to operate a real insight into require human being to do that. And so, because it is
Jin-Yi Yu: It is more expensive to do the annoying sound so Rowan some measurement army conducted twice a day. So what all and so everywhere you know war era when Sam our lunch at 00 UTC time and 200 UTC time
Jin-Yi Yu: So in order to measure that order. Oh, inside and all this. But then we'll go to the apple troposphere baby who in the world at about the same time at exactly close to the 00
Jin-Yi Yu: Or the 1200 UTC time. So all these rovers on a balloon. Jai you usually lunch 15 minutes before the standard time so last balloon can
Jin-Yi Yu: Cause through the upper JavaScript or manager. The jet stream which is around me to 250 million back. So when the person was down at the surface.
Jin-Yi Yu: 50 minutes before this town three and 00 UTC time and the promo arise, slowly, slowly when a rich linearly 10 kilometer. The, the title troposphere when they reach that kind is almost the local and the cross the risotto entry and you know UTC time
Jin-Yi Yu: In a balloon typically can rise up to about 20 kilometer opera service before they first which is close to 60 minutes and 60 megabytes already into the the go to middle stratosphere.
Jin-Yi Yu: And it usually take about one hour before the person who first
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, so that's the technical antivirus. We used to do a vertical measurement or bottom as a property. Now let's discuss what are the property is the product.
Jin-Yi Yu: That can be produced found these vertical measurement. So, so you mentioned that the the product produced from the service management at a station is that they meet your brand right though we mentioned here, this a mediocre so now
Jin-Yi Yu: The product that that will not produce from this railing some measurement is called something is called it a stupid, stupid diagram.
Jin-Yi Yu: So this is a very cool measurement is called a Sunday. So the vertical structure of commerce via a proper location on the earth major power wisdom is called a something
Jin-Yi Yu: In the something is going to be information of the Sun is called a product on the stoop darker which use pressure is vertical access
Jin-Yi Yu: So in the y direction he tell you the height or the pressures throughout the atmosphere and in the x coordinate the horizontal axis is the temperature information. So this is an example of a stoop diagram here.
Jin-Yi Yu: So this is something is taken, taken it already in Minneapolis, Minnesota. At a certain date me see, does this one say the time and day. So these are didn't show the time day in this
Jin-Yi Yu: Script awkward, but as use this time to discuss what we can learn from
Jin-Yi Yu: Something so here as we say earlier, the y coordinate is the pressure. So this is surface Nina service 1900 mini by hand. You mean by all the way to 100 me back. Where is close to a the tropopause
Jin-Yi Yu: And I called in a is a temperature. In this case, because this in the United States. So the temperature is reported in unit of Fahrenheit. So we in this step type when we show up to 919 is the temperature this one.
Jin-Yi Yu: In the air and I is a coupon temperature right hand or left hand side, because we know that the temperature is always smarter.
Jin-Yi Yu: Than tomato or the most equal to the temperature. So that's why this product. Now, on the left hand side to the low temperature side is the two point in nature and the product night on the right hand side and he's a larger temperature side is the temperature nine
Jin-Yi Yu: And under right at your leisure suit outcome we showed a win direction and we speak so so was employees who is coming. Nina surface. What is coming from the south and when we go high and high in the sky. The wind change from the south to from the West.
Jin-Yi Yu: Right, and then also this vector tell you how strong a win win speed is right, and in unit of have not. Okay. So we're going to just describe how to interpret a this
Jin-Yi Yu: The wind speed in the next chapter.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, so now let's see, based on this to talk on what does it tell us. So, first thing we learned is that there's an inversion there.
Jin-Yi Yu: Exists in this location where the temperature increase with high and this inversion is located between surface and
Jin-Yi Yu: An engine five minute bar and this information was obtained by looking at a temperature night here so you can see that the temperature is
Jin-Yi Yu: Lower near the surface. No one saw amoeba and then temperature increase from minus five.
Jin-Yi Yu: equals F to about press Friday, who have need in this location. So we know that typically our air temperature should continue to decrease, who is high, but
Jin-Yi Yu: Very often, in the early morning we will see that the temperature actually is warmer above service than the unit near the surface when the temperature increase was high.
Jin-Yi Yu: We call that as an inverse inversion there and and so in this particular example this to tell us that there is, there was in Virginia in Minneapolis.
Jin-Yi Yu: Minnesota in this particular table and this this particular whereas station and this inversion. They're beginning found a surface about was solid Reba to somewhere.
Jin-Yi Yu: Here below this 900 means the pressure larger than 900 so is between surface and the 900 find me back. So that's first information will find our families to town.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then a second information we find out from these two documents that there is a career exist present between 640 minute by and 250 million
Jin-Yi Yu: In the reason we can say this is because we know that this coupon temperature nine temperature and I began to approach to to each other almost overlapping with each other. Is this
Jin-Yi Yu: Even a this particular area from here to somewhere here, right. So we know when they do temperature, temperature,
Jin-Yi Yu: Very close to each other. They means the relative humidity is close to 100% when Renata who might be rich project rich the hundred percent. That means we are going to produce
Jin-Yi Yu: Condensation and in this case or produce club. If this to nine or whatever, which it. For example, here you can see
Jin-Yi Yu: This tonight also overlap with each other. Any other service. And this is where we fall for. Okay, so in this particular example, we know that there is a fork occur near the surface and there is a cow present between somewhere around six. So here, that's the photo. This
Jin-Yi Yu: Photo this
Jin-Yi Yu: Statement here.
Jin-Yi Yu: 640 so here is 700 million pound is 600 amoeba. So in between is 650
Jin-Yi Yu: So we see that arena pop this 650 minibar
Jin-Yi Yu: Putting everything
Jin-Yi Yu: In
Jin-Yi Yu: This is 650 minibar
Jin-Yi Yu: So we see that arena up in a pub is 615 minute by the DuPont Amateur Night. Imagine I much to each other and come back this oppression to each other, containing somewhere to about 250 money back. That's why we know that is called a exists somewhere around 640 minute to
Jin-Yi Yu: 250 minibar
Jin-Yi Yu: In inside this car at a temperature and DuPont Amateur Night are equal. So, so this is first information inversion there and the car there.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then the other information we find out is that we know in this particular location and the particular day, the tropopause is located around 215 minutes or so trauma pause here. So while we know that because we know that
Jin-Yi Yu: Trouble pause is where the troposphere ended and we began to enter the stratosphere.
Jin-Yi Yu: And one key property of the stratosphere. Is that a temperatures, you increase with high. So we see that in this particular location.
Jin-Yi Yu: This temperature decrease decrease liquidity ways we say and then begin to increase we say starting somewhere around 250 money back. That's why we know that the Trump or post in this particular
Jin-Yi Yu: When a station at a particular time, because we know that that height or troubles can change from time to time from from day to day, even in the same location. So we know based on the temperature information. We know the the
Jin-Yi Yu: The top a policy located in 215 minutes and the other key characteristic of the trouble poses that is very much close to the
Jin-Yi Yu: The location where we have a very strong win. And we see that a wind speed apparently increase here in this map to study gesture is also located somewhere between 200 and
Jin-Yi Yu: 50,000,580 minutes, five minutes just room is define us the region that we have the strongest ruling in the struggle is when here is located in somewhere around 250 to about financial at me. Okay, so here's example, tell us that there's still time crown can tell us
Jin-Yi Yu: Where cloud is going to form.
Jin-Yi Yu: For according to form.
Jin-Yi Yu: He also tell us how the when change is high. So this is very important for doing for forecasting the whether or not this particular location is going to have or semester because if the when
Jin-Yi Yu: The Russian change a lot in high
Jin-Yi Yu: Then, usually that is indicator that this location is going to produce a severe thunderstorm and we're going to mention in a data in this cast in order to produce a severe thunderstorm. We need to make sure that this Standard Oil killed him vertical direction.
Jin-Yi Yu: So instead of have a sandstone shooting up straight up. If we have a straight up sandstone this understand cannot continue to intensify to become a CVS Ernesto because when we have these sandstone going upstream, then the color car echo up sucked into this location and try to rise up.
Jin-Yi Yu: A co op co op the form car after the air co op former cop, then the sentence of became the produce rainfall and Renfe up will try to
Jin-Yi Yu: Come down
Jin-Yi Yu: So after a semester long developed to a certain intensity this grand for trust fund, the sky is going to produce a downward motion to cancel out to suppress these rising motion that bring the
Jin-Yi Yu: Moisture and rainfall to this location initially. And so at the end, the car is going to kill itself and then this summer stone will die. So that's why if a sandstone has a very cold up right structure, then this sandstone cannot give up to a very severe semester. However, if we have when
Jin-Yi Yu: Here.
Jin-Yi Yu: going in this direction.
Jin-Yi Yu: And then near the surface in the opposite direction.
Jin-Yi Yu: In the upper higher in the troposphere, then this cow will be killed in this way and we serve very controlled setting.
Jin-Yi Yu: Up the structure of the semester, then all these room for produce at a top of the semester is going to fall down in the different area from the area where this devising a print
Jin-Yi Yu: The moisture to to grow this semester. So these standards on won't be killed by the rain for a produced and therefore the Samsung
Jin-Yi Yu: Can continue to develop. So one key information for meteorological decide whether or not we are going to have a severe thunderstorm.
Jin-Yi Yu: A certain location is by looking at how the when the rushing wind speed change was high in that particular occasion. That's why it is something that still background can provide this information here.
Jin-Yi Yu: And in sometime. Let me throw out, you want to change the way we practice something information by tilting this temperature nine temperature
Jin-Yi Yu: Value in the particular angle. So, in the previous in this traditional still talk on temperature is that grace 20 degree. So, the degree 10 degree, the article is correct. Nice. And so the building something is a profit based on this vertical go up.
Jin-Yi Yu: Amateur Night, but sometimes we wanted to tilt this temperature night with a particular angle. And as a result, is his costume.
Jin-Yi Yu: Still skill to toggle. So now I have constant temperature are nobody copper skilled on this diagram right and this is another way to display the vertical structure from a Sunday, and this is cost skilled t
Jin-Yi Yu: Diagram, and the vertical markets account or constant temperature is called a stove diagram. And this is the
Jin-Yi Yu: This is the most common talcum using me throughout the product. The sounding. And there's a reason that we wanted skilled the to the constant temperature nine and we cannot allow us to do it. What is it more easily or explain that later in the class.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, so basically the steel. Steel diagram and skill to convey basic delivering the same something information that was based on temperature viewpoint temperature and
Jin-Yi Yu: When spiel interaction but however we set different up when we can do different calculation visually and our graphic and that will provide a different
Jin-Yi Yu: Way to do the weather forecast with Genesis
Jin-Yi Yu: So skip this one.
Jin-Yi Yu: Right now the another diagram, can we produce funnel, something is cohort or Greg okay so resources relate to, we
Jin-Yi Yu: Say we want to analyze how the when we change is the Russian and Chinese speed was high and because this information is very important to us to determine whether or not local location has
Jin-Yi Yu: Is can have a serious illness or not. So there's this whole program is used to
Jin-Yi Yu: Specifically use to analyze the vertical windshield. So the meteorologist us polygraph put the spray the vertical we share information correct familiar with some
Jin-Yi Yu: In the challenge or when the restaurant and we speak between two attitude is called a vertical wind shear and vertical ratio is very important to determine whether or not we have severe thunderstorm.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, so now let's see this one showing here is the whole class and I see how to read his homework. So basically this is a showing here. Okay. Basically it tell you that
Jin-Yi Yu: You have read that may change a different color.
Jin-Yi Yu: Here where we have different read that.
Jin-Yi Yu: part on this circle map right each that the zero means the wind at Xerox kilometer point five kilometer observed a public service one kilometer above service 1.5 kilometer above service, all the way to
Jin-Yi Yu: Reconnect meter above the surface. In this example, what does each topic hours each that tell you the wind speed and wind direction. So this one.
Jin-Yi Yu: Is closed and always be less smaller and 20 not in this one for example, at one point, I cannot be the proper service. The wind speed is 14 that right so all these circle tell you the wind speed in unit or not and
Jin-Yi Yu: The value of all these is clearly the wind direction in unit of degree. So, how to read that. Let's use this next leg.
Jin-Yi Yu: So basically will example at 1.5 kilometer above surface. The wind speed, who is going from here to this read that. So it's coming from the south, right. So this is sounds silly when with the wind speed of 40 knots
Jin-Yi Yu: And similarly, if you look at this
Jin-Yi Yu: When at the 0.5 kilometer above service, then we know that who is coming from South East and the wind speed is between
Jin-Yi Yu: Us between 20 and 40 now so he is probably something around certain as well. So the wins be is it reprint indicators a distant from the center of photo graph.
Jin-Yi Yu: In the wind direction. Each that I'm the horror of Kimmy Ricard as the head of arrow pointing from the
Jin-Yi Yu: Center in the direction that is moving in the wind shear. That's what we want to know. So, these, these talcum is not used to just be squared winspear interaction.
Jin-Yi Yu: The point of this whole program is tied to tell you to give you, easy way to visualize how to win when she look like so that we share is represented by our lens of a nine connecting any two points intermittent windshield. So here for example.
Jin-Yi Yu: This is windshield.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, from surface you know kilometer 2.5 kilometer. The wind shear is going this way.
Jin-Yi Yu: And here, for example in 1.5 to two kilometer when she is calling this way. So we see that the wind shear is very large.
Jin-Yi Yu: From 1.5 to two kilometer right is roughly small yellow surface this lens of his breakfast model. Okay, so
Jin-Yi Yu: Why wouldn't you want to find out we share information. So the whole class, allow me to Roger to easily visualize how we should look like a different
Jin-Yi Yu: Part of the of the sky. Okay. And this is
Jin-Yi Yu: So in this example.
Jin-Yi Yu: The example we show here. This is a photograph of CBS Aniston not usually form in a moment with a strong word equation as I explained
Jin-Yi Yu: Earlier, the stronger the wind shear, then the vertical structure of the sentence long can be killed.
Jin-Yi Yu: With the tilting buddy constructed a sandstone can continue to intensify to eventually developing a CVS and as well. So in this particular location we find out that
Jin-Yi Yu: The this this location has a severe very strong vertical Asia in so it's possible to develop a severe thunderstorm, or maybe already have a severe center system and the address information. The other application of this, but we share information is
Jin-Yi Yu: As I said earlier, here you saw the wind shear at this as a vector here for example does take any
Jin-Yi Yu: To
Jin-Yi Yu: Location to attitude as an example. So this will tell us that Nina surface and, you know, pointing back to them without surface with you're going this way.
Jin-Yi Yu: And what can we say about after we know that we're here, then we know that to the right of this window here we have warm air to the left of this window here we have co here. So what this, this is your tech stack.
Jin-Yi Yu: Near a surface from zero kilometer to about 0.5 kilometer at this with with a station.
Jin-Yi Yu: If this is
Jin-Yi Yu: The
Jin-Yi Yu: This location.
Jin-Yi Yu: Because we should go this way right from from southwest to north east. So we know that inside this inside this data between zero kilometer to 0.5 kilometer the warm air is located here.
Jin-Yi Yu: Of this radio station and then co n is located here, right. So for example, if this is all my station. Then we have what
Jin-Yi Yu: We call when you're calling from southwest, who knows it's based on this path, then we know that we have warmer air to the north eastern corner of Irvine, so maybe powerfully simple Dino and the model to the
Jin-Yi Yu: To the San Gabriel Valley that we have warmer air and to our Southwest more power. The San Diego area we have coded inside is this
Jin-Yi Yu: Inside this surface layer. The inside is one, you know, point, five kilometer. They have a puppy surface and here in the area example.
Jin-Yi Yu: It up between between the insider layer between 1.5 kilometer two to two kilometer above service. The we see a chorus way. So we know that woman is to is
Jin-Yi Yu: Is on my head here and who is here. Okay, so basically we have a use of these medical wins here is that he tell you which
Jin-Yi Yu: In which direction to this weather station that the you can find warmer air or the cold air. So by. So this is very important application that means that we don't need to go to if we
Jin-Yi Yu: Have organization. We want to find out the temperature. Temperature description or surrounding the urban area. We don't need to go tribal wrong way.
Jin-Yi Yu: To to the east to the north to the south or west to find out the temperature information. We just go to a core building in Irvine, and then we imagine a wind speed on the surface to have higher above the surface or we
Jin-Yi Yu: Have a tower weather station and then we measure the the when fun stuff is too high above the surface in an offline, we can
Jin-Yi Yu: Say, whether or not we have warm or cold, a two hour east to west to ourselves out where on
Jin-Yi Yu: east, west, south, south north. So by measuring wins wins here at one location we can find out the temperature information as to use a different color.
Jin-Yi Yu: We can find out a temperature information surrounding this location and that is very interesting, very important application of this Sunday. So I had measurement in one location. You can find all the horizontal distribution of the temperature in a nearby area.
Jin-Yi Yu: And that's why I'm showing here. Okay, so without so the reason we can link the vertical ratio to the temperature distribution is based on a physical law we call the summer when parents, which I'm not going to talk about in this class.
Jin-Yi Yu: So basically fluid a mathematical equation related to strap a parent's hydrostatic patterns. If you are a preview. Are you already take the
Jin-Yi Yu: East 55 so you know what is a genius. Try rebalance and hydrostatic betters by combining these two patterns we can find out how we can change who is hi is controlled by a
Jin-Yi Yu: Few constant times together we is how the temperature change in the horizontal
Jin-Yi Yu: Direction so the wind chimes in high in z is related to temperature change temperature change in x or y direction. That's why, by looking at ways here. So this change when in the vertical direction is the wind shear
Jin-Yi Yu: Is related to temperature distribution in the horizontal direction. So, without going through this detail.
Jin-Yi Yu: mathematical derivation or explanation, based on the physical, the conclusion is, if we know how we change with high that's caught wind shear
Jin-Yi Yu: Then, so for example, and this one. Hi. When additive. The wind call this way and it's geochemical it do point five kilometer window. This direction in the difference. The win at the 0.5 kilometer minus zero kilometer become this data.
Jin-Yi Yu: And and this battle is our wind shear
Jin-Yi Yu: You can see that. To the right of his wishes. We have warm temperature to the left of this ratio we are cold temperature right and this
Jin-Yi Yu: Is based on the summer when parents have it so without the need to expand the mathematic equation and physical law we just get a conclusion we kind of understanding that
Jin-Yi Yu: The summer with the vertical that we should always bros Paolo to the constant temperature night with the warm air located to the right, facing time stream of that we see. Okay, so based on these
Jin-Yi Yu: We know that soon as we know how the wind shear
Jin-Yi Yu: Look like
Jin-Yi Yu: From this photo because every record on this autocar means when at the zero kilometer point five kilometer. So from one
Jin-Yi Yu: Point to the airport is a windshield. So we know that for them. In this case, the warm is on the side of the coin is me say in this example between two
Jin-Yi Yu: To 2.5 kilometer because when she look like this. So we know that home is located here call it is located here. Okay, so this is a very important application. And I'm going to stop here. But before I stop, I'm going to
Jin-Yi Yu: Tell you that Tuesday. Now we can use a by
Jin-Yi Yu: Measurement and one single location. So, for example, now
Jin-Yi Yu: Makoto not here in this location.
Jin-Yi Yu: So we do the measurement of
Jin-Yi Yu: Our when measurement when
Jin-Yi Yu: Other major will not win.
Jin-Yi Yu: How we then
Jin-Yi Yu: We know that if we know the win here. We know we encourage this way, then we know that high pressure
Jin-Yi Yu: Is located to the right of this wind vector, no pressure is located to the left of the wind back there. I mean lap arise compared to the direction or when going right. So when you sell
Jin-Yi Yu: me one more time.
Jin-Yi Yu: We measure when a different high
Jin-Yi Yu: And when
Jin-Yi Yu: That alone itself.
Jin-Yi Yu: Can be used to tell you where the high pressure and low pressure are located so high price or located to the right, or we met and low pressure click to the left of the women. And then we also by major you how to win direction change was high as cold wind shear
Jin-Yi Yu: The wind shear information.
Jin-Yi Yu: Can we use the tell you where the warm air is located form is located to the right of the wind shear co air is located.
Jin-Yi Yu: To the lack of this window here. So the wind back to it tell you the nearby pressure distribution in a Wi Fi a vector tell you the nearby.
Jin-Yi Yu: Temperature distribution. So you don't need to go out to different location to find out how pressure and temperature. The distribution look like in US horizontal direction. You just measure
Jin-Yi Yu: The win in one single location and when she resigned in single location to get this horizontal information of the that information horizontal distribution of pressure and temperature.
Jin-Yi Yu: Okay, I'll stop here for today. And then on Thursday. I'm going to continue to describe the periphery give a quick
Jin-Yi Yu: introduction about the radar and the satellite and then we're going to move to the weather map information answers they stop here.