1	Chapter 24: Tropical Cyclones
2	Hurricane Characteristics Definition: Hurricanes have sustained winds of 120 km/hr (74 mph) or greater. Size: Average diameters are approximately 600 km (350 mi). (one third the size of mid-latitude cyclone) Duration: days to a week or more. Strength: Central pressure averages about 950 mb but may be as low as 870 mb. Power: The energy released by a single hurricane can exceed the annual electricity consumption of the US and Canada.
3	Naming Convention
4	Ocean Temperature And Hurricane
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6	Conditions Necessary for Hurricane Formation Hurricanes form only over deep (several tens of meters) water layers with surface temperatures in excess of 27 ^oC. Poleward of about 25^o, water temperatures are usually below this threshold. Hurricanes are most frequent in late summer and early autumn during high SST times.
7	Hurricane Seasons Hurricanes obtain their energy from latent heat release in the cloud formation process. Hurricanes occur where a deep layer of warm waters exists and during the times of highest SSTs. For the N.H., August and September are the most active months. For the S.H., the hurricane season is January-March.
8	Hurricane Formation Tropical Disturbance: Clusters of small thunderstorms. Tropical Depression: When at least one closed isobar is present, the disturbance is classified as a tropical depression. Tropical Storm: Further intensification, to wind speeds of 60 km/hr (37 mph), place the storm in the category of tropical storm. Hurricane: Hurricane status is gained when winds reach or exceed 120 km/hr (74 mph).
9	Naming of Hurricanes When a tropical disturbance reaches the stage of tropical storm, it will be given a name. The name come from an A-W list created by World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Six lists are created for the Atlantic Ocean, each list is used for one hurricane season. The names of the hurricanes that cause devastating damages are removed from the list forever.
10	Hurricane Intensity Scale The Saffir-Simpson scale. Five categories: larger numbers indicate lower central pressure, greater winds, and stronger storm surges.
11	Hurricane track
12	Hurricane Structure A central eye surrounded by large cumulonimbus thunderstorms occupying the adjacent eye wall. Weak uplift and low precipitation regions separate individual cloud bands.
13	Hurricane Eye and Eye Wall The eye is an area of descending air, relatively clear sky, and light winds which is about 25 km (15 mi) in diameter on average. A shrinking eye indicates storm intensification. The eye wall is comprised of the strongest winds, the largest clouds, and the heaviest precipitation with rainfall rates as high as 2500 mm/day (100 in.).
14	Typical Hurricane Eye (Hurricane Katrina, 2005)
15	Radar Image of Hurricane Andrew
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17	Vertical Cross Section of Hurricane
18	Pressure Structure The horizontal pressure gradient with altitude decreases slowly. At about 400 mb, pressures within the storm are approximate to that outside. Surface-400mb: Cyclonic circulation. 400mb-tropopause: anticyclonic circulation.
19	Hurricane Wind Structure Winds and surge are typically most intense in the right front quadrant of the storm where wind speeds combine with the speed of the storm’s movement to create the area of highest potential impact.
20	Development of Hurricane
21	Tropical Disturbances and Easterly Waves Some tropical disturbances form in association with mid-latitude troughs migrating toward lower latitudes, some form from ITCZ-related convection, but most develop from easterly waves. Easterly waves, or undulations in the trade wind pattern, spawn hurricanes in the Atlantic (typically 2–3000 km). Only about 10% tropical disturbances intensify into more organized, rotating storms.
22	WISHE (Wind Induced Surface Heat Exchange) Mechanism
23	The Source of Strong Rotating Winds
24	Hurricane Dissipation After making landfall, a tropical storm may die out completely within a few days. Even as the storm weakens, it can still bring in huge amount of water vapor and rainfall hundreds of kilometers inland.
25	Hurricane Damages Heavy rainfalls Strong winds Tornadoes Storm Surges: A rise in water level induced by the hurricane.
26	Hurricane Induced Tornadoes Most hurricanes also contain clusters of tornadoes. Most pf these tornadoes occur in the right front quarter of the hurricane movement. It appears the slowing of the wind by friction at landfall contribute to the formation of tornadoes.
27	Storm Surges Process 1: Hurricane winds drag surface waters forward and pileup the waters near coasts. Process 2: Lower atmospheric pressure raises sea level (for every 1 mb pressure decrease, sea level raises 1 cm). Storm surges raise costal sea level by a meter or two for most hurricanes, but can be as much as 7 meters.
28	Hurricane Watches and Warnings Hurricane watch: if an approaching hurricane is predicted to reach land in more than 24 hours. Hurricane Warning: if the time frame is less, a warning is given.