<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, D. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pitari, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grewe, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gierens, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penner, J. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petzold, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prather, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schumann, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bais, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berntsen, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iachetti, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, L. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sausen, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Aviation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atmospheric Environment</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atmos. Environ.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aerosol-particles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aircraft exhaust plumes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">atlantic flight</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aviation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cirrus cloud formation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">corridor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">future supersonic aircraft</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gas-turbine engine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">general-circulation model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrocarbon emission indexes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in-situ observations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozone depletion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiative forcing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stratospheric water-vapor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ultrafine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4678-4734</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1352-2310</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Aviation alters the composition of the atmosphere globally and can thus drive climate change and ozone depletion. The last major international assessment of these impacts was made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1999. Here, a comprehensive updated assessment of aviation is provided. Scientific advances since the 1999 assessment have reduced key uncertainties, sharpening the quantitative evaluation, yet the basic conclusions remain the same. The climate impact of aviation is driven by long-term impacts from CO2 emissions and shorter-term impacts from non-CO2 emissions and effects, which include the emissions of water vapour, particles and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The present-day radiative forcing from aviation (2005) is estimated to be 55 mW m(-2) (excluding cirrus cloud enhancement), which represents some 3.5% (range 1.3-10%, 90% likelihood range) of current anthropogenic forcing, or 78 mW m(-2) including cirrus cloud enhancement, representing 4.9% of current forcing (range 2-14%, 90% likelihood range). According to two SRES-compatible scenarios, future forcings may increase by factors of 3-4 over 2000 levels, in 2050. The effects of aviation emissions of CO2 on global mean surface temperature last for many hundreds of years (in common with other sources), whilst its non-CO2 effects on temperature last for decades. Much progress has been made in the last ten years on characterizing emissions, although major uncertainties remain over the nature of particles. Emissions of NOx result in production of ozone, a climate warming gas, and the reduction of ambient methane (a cooling effect) although the overall balance is warming, based upon current understanding. These NOx emissions from current subsonic aviation do not appear to deplete stratospheric ozone. Despite the progress made on modelling aviation's impacts on tropospheric chemistry, there remains a significant spread in model results. The knowledge of aviation's impacts on cloudiness has also improved: a limited number of studies have demonstrated an increase in cirrus cloud attributable to aviation although the magnitude varies: however, these trend analyses may be impacted by satellite artefacts. The effect of aviation particles on clouds (with and without contrails) may give rise to either a positive forcing or a negative forcing: the modelling and the underlying processes are highly uncertain, although the overall effect of contrails and enhanced cloudiness is considered to be a positive forcing and could be substantial, compared with other effects. The debate over quantification of aviation impacts has also progressed towards studying potential mitigation and the technological and atmospheric tradeoffs. Current studies are still relatively immature and more work is required to determine optimal technological development paths, which is an aspect that atmospheric science has much to contribute. In terms of alternative fuels, liquid hydrogen represents a possibility and may reduce some of aviation's impacts on climate if the fuel is produced in a carbon-neutral way: such fuel is unlikely to be utilized until a 'hydrogen economy' develops. The introduction of biofuels as a means of reducing CO2 impacts represents a future possibility. However, even over and above land-use concerns and greenhouse gas budget issues, aviation fuels require strict adherence to safety standards and thus require extra processing compared with biofuels destined for other sectos, where the uptake of such fuel may be more beneficial in the first instance. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ISI:000284389300004</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;ISI Document Delivery No.: 682GLTimes Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 429Cited References:      2007, NATL PLAN AERONAUTIC     *ACARE, 2001, M SOC NEEDS WINN GLO     *GBD, 2005, AIR TRAV GREEN DES T     *IEA, 2007, OIL INF 2006     *IPCC, 2000, EM SCEN SPEC REP WG     *LTTG, 2006, REP LONG TERM TECHN     *SMIC, 1971, IN CLIM MOD REP STUD     ANDERSON BE, 2006, ATMOS ENVIRON, V40, P3601, DOI     10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.072     APPLEMAN H, 1953, B AM METEOROL SOC, V34, P14     ARCHULETA CM, 2005, ATMOS CHEM PHYS, V5, P2617     ARNOLD F, 1992, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V19, P2421     ARNOLD F, 1998, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V25, P2137     ARNOLD F, 2000, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V27, P1723     ATLAS D, 2006, 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S. Pitari, G. Grewe, V. Gierens, K. Penner, J. E. Petzold, A. Prather, M. J. Schumann, U. Bais, A. Berntsen, T. Iachetti, D. Lim, L. L. Sausen, R.EU ; National Science Foundation [0609836]This assessment has been funded by EU FP6 Specific Support Action ATTICA (European Assessment of Transport Impacts on Climate Change and Ozone Depletion, http://ssa-attica.eu) and has been supported by the EUFP6 Integrated Project QUANTIFY (Quantifying the Climate Impact of Global and European Transport Systems, http://ip-quantify.eu). We are grateful to the reviewers Prof. Christoph Zerefos (National Observatory, Athens, Greece), Dr Kostas Eleftheratos (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens) and Dr Helen Rogers (University of Cambridge, United Kingdom) for their detailed and constructive reviews, and Prof. Peter Brimblecombe (Atmospheric Environment) for his guidance in improving the manuscript. We would particularly like to thank ATTICA 'Shipping' and 'Metrics' coordinating lead authors Prof. Veronika Eyring (DLR), Prof. Ivar Isaksen (University of Oslo), Dr Jan Fuglestvedt (CICERO), Prof. Keith Shine (University of Reading) for fruitful discussions during the preparation of this assessment. JEP acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation under 0609836. We would also like to thank Dr Lourdes Maurice (Chief Scientific and Technical Advisor for Environment, US Federal Aviation Administration) and Mr Peter Newton (United Kingdom Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform) for assistance on technology targets. We are also grateful to Prof. Bernd Karcher and Dr Hermann Mannstein of DLR for comments on parts of the manuscript. Dr Jane Hurley and Jerome Hilaire of MMU are thanked for their assistance with the preparation of figures.Pergamon-elsevier science ltdOxfordSp. Iss. SI&lt;/p&gt;</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;[Lee, D. S.; Lim, L. L.] Manchester Metropolitan Univ, Dept Environm &amp;amp; Geog Sci, Dalton Res Inst, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancs, England. [Pitari, G.; Iachetti, D.] Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. [Grewe, V.; Gierens, K.; Petzold, A.; Schumann, U.; Sausen, R.] Deutsch Zentrum Luft &amp;amp; Raumfahrt DLR, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany. [Penner, J. E.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean &amp;amp; Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Prather, M. J.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Bais, A.] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Lab Atmospher Phys, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece. [Berntsen, T.] Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.Lee, DS, Manchester Metropolitan Univ, Dept Environm &amp;amp; Geog Sci, Dalton Res Inst, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancs, England.D.S.Lee@mmu.ac.uk&lt;/p&gt;</style></auth-address></record></records></xml>